Chapter 1 Culture,Communication,Intercultural Communication 1
Warm-up Cases 1
1．Culture 3
1.1 Definitions of Culture 3
1.2 The Characteristics of Culture 4
1.3 Culture and Language 6
2．Communication 7
2.1 Definitions of Communication 7
2.2 The Characteristics of Communication 8
2.3 The Scope and Classification of Communication 10
3．Intercultural Communication 12
3.1 Definition of Intercultural Communication 12
3.2 Barriers in Intercultural Communication 12
3.3 Intercultural Communication Competence 15
Exercises 16
Glossary 20
References 21
Keys to Exercises 22
Chapter 2 Verbal Communication 23
Warm-up Cases 23
1．Cultural Variations in Verbal Communication 25
1.1 Addressing 25
1.2 Greeting and Leave-taking 26
1.3 Appologizing 27
1.4 Invitation and Response 28
1.5 Compliment and Response 30
2．The Reasons for the Differences in Verbal Communication 31
2.1 High-context and Low-context Cultures 31
2.2 Individualism and Collectivism 33
2.3 Different Cultural Thought Pattern 34
3．Special Forms of Oral Communication 35
3.1 Oral Presentation 36
3.2 Telephone Calls 37
4．Cultural Impact on Language at Various Levels 38
4.1 Word Meaning 38
4.2 Idioms 39
4.3 Topics 40
4.4 Pragmatic Transfer 41
Exercises 42
Glossary 47
References 48
Keys to Exercises 49
Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication 50
Warm-up Cases 50
1．Definitions of Nonverbal Communication 52
2．Functions of Nonverbal Communication 53
2.1 Repeating 53
2.2 Complementing 54
2.3 Substituting 54
2.4 Regulating 54
2.5 Contradicting 54
3．Categories of Nonverbal Communication 55
3.1 Kinesics 55
3.1.1 Gestures 56
3.1.2 Facial Expressions 58
3.1.3 Postures 59
3.2 Chronemics 60
3.2.1 M-time(Monochronic time) 61
3.2.2 P-time(Polychronic time) 62
3.3 Proxemics 62
3.3.1 Hall's Spatial Distance 62
3.3.2 Personal Territory 64
3.4 Silence 65
4．Significance of Nonverbal Communication 66
Exercises 67
Glossary 71
References 72
Keys to Exercises 72
Chapter 4 Cross-gender Communication 73
Warm-up Cases 73
1．Sex and Gender 75
2．Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures 76
2.1 Different Features of Feminine and Masculine Culture 76
2.2 The Reasons for the Differences 78
3．Cross-gender Communication Strategies 80
Exercises 81
Glossary 88
References 88
Keys to Exercises 89
Chapter 5 Identity and Cross-cultural Communication 90
Warm-up Cases 90
1．Definitions of Identity 93
2．Cultural Identity 94
2.1 Definitions of Cultural Identity 94
2.2 Formations of Cultural Identity 94
2.3 Characteristics of Cultural Identity 95
3．Identity and Cross-cultural Barriers 96
3.1 Stereotyping 96
3.1.1 Definitions of Stereotyping 96
3.1.2 The Stereotyping Process 97
3.1.3 Means of Acquiring Stereotypes 97
3.1.4 Pitfalls of Stereotype 98
3.2 Ethnocentrism 99
3.2.1 Definitions of Ethnocentrism 99
3.2.2 Forms of Ethnocentrism 100
3.2.3 Negative Impacts on Cross-cultural Communication 100
3.2.4 Efforts to Overcome Ethnocentrism 101
3.3 Prejudice 102
3.3.1 Definitions of Prejudice 102
3.3.2 Manifestations of Prejudice 103
3.3.3 Functions of Prejudice 105
3.4 Racism 106
3.4.1 Definitions of Racism 106
3.4.2 Manifestations of Racism 107
3.4.3 Forms of Racism 108
4．Overcoming Cultural Biases Based on Identity 109
Exercises 110
Glossary 112
References 113
Keys to Exercises 113
Chapter 6 Culture and International Business 114
Warm-up Cases 114
1．Business across Culture 117
1.1 Initial Contacts 117
1.2 Punctuality 120
1.3 Dining Rules and Dressing Codes 121
1.4 Superstition and Taboos 124
2．Negotiation and Managing Differences 125
2.1 Negotiation Differences 125
2.2 Management Differences 127
3．International Business Strategies 128
3.1 Negotiation Strategies 128
3.2 Marketing Strategies 130
Exercises 131
Glossary 140
References 141
Keys to Exercises 141
Chapter 7 Cross-cultural Communication and Language Teaching 142
Warm-up Cases 142
1．Culture,Language and Education 144
2．The Importance of English Language Teaching 145
2.1 English as an International Language 145
2.2 English as a Language in Education 146
2.3 English as a Dominant Working Language 147
3．Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication Competence 147
3.1 The Importance of Intercultural Communication Competence 147
3.2 Linguistic Proficiency and Communicative Competence 148
3.3 How to Improve Intercultural Communication Competence 148
Exercises 150
Glossary 156
References 156
Keys to Exercises 157
Chapter 8 Cross-cultural Communication in Intimate Relationships 158
Warm-up Cases 158
1．Friendships in Cross-cultural Communication 161
1.1 What Is a Friend? 161
1.2 Cultural Varieties in Friendships 162
2．Love Affairs in Cross-cultural Communication 164
2.1 What is a Date,Romance,Love or Marriage? 164
2.2 Suggestions on Cross-cultural Marriages 165
3．Families in Cross-cultural Communication 167
3.1 Family Types 167
3.2 Cultural Impacts on Families 168
4．Cultural Factors in Cross-cultural Intimate Relationships 170
Exercises 172
Glossary 177
References 178
Keys to Exercises 178
Chapter 9 Cultural Differences/Value Differences 179
Warm-up Cases 179
1．Cultural Differences 181
1.1 Two Types of Cultural Difference 181
1.2 Cultural Differences in Sensation and Perception 182
1.2.1 Physiological Differences 182
1.2.2 Sociological Differences 182
1.2.3 Psychological Differences 183
1.3 Cultural Differences in Etiquette 183
1.3.1 Cultural Differences in Hospitality 183
1.3.2 Cultural Differences in Modesty 184
1.3.3 Cultural Differences in Privacy 184
1.3.4 Cultural Differences in Directness 184
2．Values 185
2.1 Definitions of Values 185
2.2 Classifications of Values 186
2.3 Functions of Values 186
3．Cultural Patterns 187
3.1 Definitions of Cultural Patterns 187
3.2 Major Taxonomies of Cultural Patterns 187
3.2.1 Hofstede's Cultural Patterns 187
3.2.2 Hall's High/Low Context 197
3.2.3 The Kluckhohns＆Strodtbeck's Value Orientations 199
3.3 Remarks on Cultural Patterns 203
Exercises 204
Glossary 206
References 207
Keys to Exercises 208
Chapter 10 Developing Intercultural Competence 210
Warm-up Cases 210
1．Intercultural Awareness 213
1.1 Definitions of Intercultural Awareness 213
1.2 Four Levels of Intercultural Awareness 213
2．Culture Shock 214
2.1 Definitions of Culture Shock 215
2.2 Stages of Culture Shock 215
2.3 Ways of Coping with Culture Shock 218
3．Intercultural Adaptation 219
3.1 Acculturation 219
3.2 Factors Affecting Intercultural Adaptation 220
3.3 Intercultural Adaptation Strategies 222
3.4 Intercultural Adaptation Outcomes 224
4．Intercultural Competence 225
4.1 Definitions of Intercultural Competence 225
4.2 Factors in Intercultural Competence 226
4.3 Skills to Improve Intercultural Competence 227
Exercises 230
Glossary 233
References 234
Keys to Exercises 235