1．History of Optics 1
1.1 Past 1
1.2 Present 5
1.3 Future 7
Problems 8
2．The Main Areas of Optics 9
2.1 Geometrical Optics 9
2.2 Wave Optics 10
2.3 Quantum Optics 11
2.4 Statistical Optics 12
3．Fundamentals of Wave Optics 15
3.1 Maxwell's Equations 15
3.2 The Wave Equation 17
3.3 Waves 18
3.3.1 One-Dimensional Waves 18
3.3.2 Plane Waves 21
3.3.3 Spherical Waves 22
3.3.4 Bessel Waves 23
3.3.5 Evanescent Waves 25
3.3.6 Polarized Waves 28
3.4 Intensity of a Light Wave 30
Problems 33
4．Coherence 35
4.1 Temporal Coherence 35
4.2 Spatial Coherence 44
4.3 Spatiotemporal Coherence 50
4.4 Complex Representation of the Light Field 52
4.5 Stellar Interferometry 53
4.6 Fourier Spectroscopy 55
4.7 Intensity Correlation 57
Problems 59
5．Multiple-Beam Interference 61
5.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer 61
5.2 Mode Spectrum of a Laser 68
5.2.1 Interference Spectroscopy 69
5.2.2 Difference-Frequency Analysis 72
5.3 Dual-Recycling Interferometer 73
Problems 75
6．Speckles 77
6.1 Intensity Statistics 78
6.2 Speckle Sizes 80
6.3 Speckle Photography 84
6.3.1 Double-Exposure Technique 86
6.3.2 Time-Average Technique 89
6.4 Flow Diagnostics 92
6.5 Stellar Speckle Interferometry 95
Problems 99
7．Holography 101
7.1 Principle of Holography 101
7.1.1 Hologram Recording 102
7.1.2 Image Reconstruction 104
7.1.3 Location of the Images 106
7.1.4 Phase Conjugation 107
7.2 The Imaging Equations of Holography 110
7.3 Holographic Arrangements 114
7.3.1 In-line Holograms 114
7.3.2 Reflection Holograms 115
7.3.3 Transmission Holograms 116
7.3.4 White-Light Holograms 117
7.3.5 Rainbow Holograms 120
7.4 Holographic Cinematography 122
7.5 Digital Holography 123
7.5.1 Direct Simulation 124
7.5.2 Simulation with Square Light Waves 132
7.5.3 Digital hologram recording and reconstruction 133
Problems 134
8．Interferometry 135
8.1 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 135
8.2 Sagnac Interferometer 136
8.3 Holographic Interferometry 140
8.3.1 Real-Time Method 140
8.3.2 Double-Exposure Method 140
8.3.3 Time-Average Method 142
8.4 Theory of Holographic Interferometry 142
8.4.1 Real-Time and Double-Exposure Method 142
8.4.2 Time-Average Method 144
8.4.3 Time-Average Method in Real Time 145
Problems 147
9．Fourier Optics 149
9.1 Scalar Diffraction Theory 149
9.1.1 Fresnel Approximation 150
9.1.2 Fraunhofer Approximation 152
9.2 Fourier Transform by a Lens 154
9.3 Optical Fourier Spectra 156
9.3.1 Point Source 156
9.3.2 Plane Wave 157
9.3.3 Infinitely Long Slit 158
9.3.4 Two Point Sources 160
9.3.5 Cosine Grating 161
9.3.6 Circular Aperture 162
9.3.7 Compound Diffracting Systems 164
9.4 Coherent Optical Filtering 167
9.4.1 Low-Pass Filter or Spatial Frequency Filter 168
9.4.2 High-Pass Filter or Dark Field Method 169
9.4.3 Phase Filter or Phase Contrast Method 170
9.4.4 Half-Plane Filter or Schlieren Method 172
9.4.5 Raster Elimination 172
9.4.6 Demonstration Experiment 173
9.4.7 Holographic Filters 173
9.4.8 Pattern Recognition 176
Problems 179
10．The Laser 181
10.1 The Laser Principle 181
10.2 Laser Rate Equations 183
10.3 Stationary Operation 187
10.4 Stability Analysis 188
10.5 Transient dynamics 193
10.5.1 Relaxation Oscillations 193
10.5.2 Q-Switching 194
10.5.3 Cavity Dumping 197
10.6 Chaotic Dynamics 199
10.7 Synchronization 204
Problems 207
11．Ultrafast Optics 209
11.1 Properties of Ultrashort Pulses 209
11.1.1 Time-Bandwidth Product 211
11.1.2 Chirped Pulses 213
11.2 Generation of Ultrashort Pulses 217
11.2.1 Principle of Mode Locking 217
11.2.2 Methods of Mode Locking 221
11.2.3 Sonoluminescence 223
11.2.4 Chirped Pulse Amplification 225
11.3 Measurement of Ultrashort Pulses 229
11.4 Optical Gating 234
11.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 236
Problems 237
12．Nonlinear Optics 239
12.1 Two-Wave Interaction 239
12.1.1 Two-Photon Absorption 240
12.1.2 Two-Photon Ionization 241
12.2 Three-Wave Interaction 242
12.2.1 Second-Harmonic Generation 242
12.2.2 Sum-Frequency Generation 242
12.2.3 Difference-Frequency Generation 243
12.2.4 Optical Parametric Amplifier 244
12.3 Four-Wave Interaction 244
12.4 Multi-photon Interaction 245
12.4.1 Frequency Multiplication 245
12.4.2 Multi-photon Absorption and Ionization 246
12.5 Further Nonlinear Optical Phenomena 247
12.6 Nonlinear Potentials 248
12.7 Interaction of Light Waves 250
12.7.1 Three-Wave Interaction 252
12.7.2 Scalar Three-Wave Interaction 258
12.7.3 Second-Harmonic Generation 259
12.7.4 Optical Parametric Amplifier 262
12.7.5 Optical Parametric Oscillator 263
12.7.6 Three-Wave Interaction in the Photon Picture 264
Problems 265
13．Fiber Optics 267
13.1 Glass Fibers 268
13.1.1 Profile 268
13.1.2 Guided Waves 269
13.1.3 Attenuation 271
13.2 Fiber Sensors 273
13.3 Optical Solitons 276
13.3.1 Dispersion 276
13.3.2 Nonlinearity 281
13.4 Fiber-Optic Signal Processing 284
Problems 285
A．The Fourier Transfom 287
A.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Transform 287
A.2 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 288
A.3 Convolution and Autocorrelation 289
A.4 Properties of the Fourier Transform 290
A.5 Selected Functions and Their Fourier Transforms 292
Problems 292
B．Solutions of Problems 295
References 321
Index 333