ELECTROMAGNETISM 709
21ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 709
21.1 Electric Charge 710
21.2 Conductors，Insulators，and Induced Charges 713
21.3 Coulomb’s Law 716
21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces 721
21.5 Electric-Field Calculations 727
21.6 Electric Field Lines 733
21.7 Electric Dipoles 735
Summary/Key Terms 739
Questions/Exercises/Problems 741
22GAUSS’S LAW 750
22.1 Charge and Electric Flux 750
22.2 Calculating Electric Flux 753
22.3 Gauss’s Law 757
22.4 Applications of Gauss’ s Law 761
22.5 Charges on Conductors 767
Summary/Key Terms 772
Questions/Exercises/Problems 773
23ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 780
23.1 Electric Potential Energy 780
23.2 Electric Potential 787
23.3 Calculating Electric Potential 794
23.4 Equipotential Surfaces 798
23.5 Potential Gradient 801
Summary/Key Terms 804
Questions/Exercises/Problems 805
24CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS 815
24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance 816
24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 820
24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy 824
24.4 Dielectrics 828
24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge 833
24.6 Gauss’ s Law in Dielectrics 835
Summary/Key Terms 837
Questions/Exercises/Problems 838
25CURRENT，RESISTANCE，AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 846
25.1 Current 847
25.2 Resistivity 850
25.3 Resistance 853
25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits 857
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits 863
25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction 867
Summary/Key Terms 871
Questions/Exercises/Problems 872
26DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 881
26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 881
26.2 Kirchhoff’ s Rules 886
26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments 891
26.4 R-C Circuits 896
26.5 Power Distribution Systems 900
Summary/Key Terms 905
Questions/Exercises/Problems 906
27MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES 916
27.1 Magnetism 916
27.2 Magnetic Field 918
27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux 922
27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field 925
27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles 929
27.6 Magnetic Force on a Carrent-Carrying Conductor 932
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop 935
27.8 The Direct-Current Motor 941
27.9 The Hall Effect 943
Summary/Key Terms 945
Questions/Exercises/Problems 947
28SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 957
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge 957
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element 960
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor 962
28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors 965
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop 967
28.6 Ampere’s Law 969
28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law 973
28.8 Magnetic Materials 976
Summary/Key Terms 982
Questions/Exercises/Problems 984
29ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 993
29.1 Induction Experiments 994
29.2 Faraday’ s Law 996
29.3 Lenz’ s Law 1004
29.4 Motional Electromotive Force 1006
29.5 Induced Electric Fields 1008
29.6 Eddy Currents 1011
29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations 1013
29.8 Superconductivity 1017
Summary/Key Terms 1019
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1020
30INDUCTANCE 1030
30.1 Mutual Inductance 1030
30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors 1034
30.3 Inductors and Magnetic-Field Energy 1038
30.4 The R-L Circuit 1041
30.5 The L-C Circuit 1045
30.6 The L-R-C Series Circuit 1049
Summary/Key Terms 1052
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1053
31ALTERNATING CURRENT 1061
31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents 1061
31.2 Resistance and Reactance 1064
31.3 The L-R-C Series Circuit 1070
31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 1074
31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits 1077
31.6 Transformers 1080
Summary/Key Terms 1084
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1085
32ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1092
32.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 1093
32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light 1096
32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves 1101
32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves 1106
32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves 1111
Summary/Key Terms 1115
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1116
OPTICS 1121
33THE NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT 1121
33.1 The Nature of Light 1121
33.2 Reflection and Refraction 1123
33.3 Total Internal Reflection 1129
33.4 Dispersion 1132
33.5 Polarization 1133
33.6 Scattering of Light 1142
33.7 Huygens’ s Principle 1144
Summary/Key Terms 1147
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1149
34GEOMETRIC OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 1157
34.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface 1157
34.2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 1161
34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 1169
34.4 Thin Lenses 1174
34.5 Cameras 1182
34.6 The Eye 1185
34.7 The Magnifier 1189
34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes 1191
Summary/Key Terms 1196
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1198
35INTERFERENCE 1207
35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources 1208
35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light 1211
35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns 1214
35.4 Interference in Thin Films 1218
35.5 The Michelson Interferometer 1224
Summary/Key Terms 1227
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1228
36DIFFRACTION 1234
36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction 1235
36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 1236
36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern 1239
36.4 Multiple Slits 1243
36.5 The Diffraction Grating 1246
36.6 X-Ray Diffraction 1250
36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power 1253
36.8 Holography 1256
Summary/Key Terms 1259
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1260
MODERN PHYSICS 1268
37RELATIVITY 1268
37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws 1268
37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity 1272
37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals 1274
37.4 Relativity of Length 1278
37.5 The Lorentz Transformation 1283
37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves 1287
37.7 Relativistic Momentum 1289
37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy 1292
37.9 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity 1295
Summary/Key Terms 1298
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1300
38PHOTONS，ELECTRONS，AND ATOMS 1307
38.1 Emission and Absorption of Light 1307
38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1309
38.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Energy Levels 1314
38.4 The Nuclear Atom 1319
38.5 The Bohr Model 1322
38.6 The Laser 1327
38.7 X-Ray Production and Scattering 1330
38.8 Continuous Spectra 1334
38.9 Wave-Particle Duality 1338
Summary/Key Terms 1340
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1342
39THE WAVE NATURE OF PARTICLES 1349
39.1 De Broglie Waves 1350
39.2 Electron Diffraction 1352
39.3 Probability and Uncertainty 1355
39.4 The Electron Microscope 1360
39.5 Wave Functions and the Schrodinger Equation 1361
Summary/Key Terms 1368
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1369
40QUANTUM MECHANICS 1375
40.1 Particle in a Box 1375
40.2 Potential Wells 1380
40.3 Potential Barriers and Tunneling 1384
40.4 The Harmonic Oscillator 1387
40.5 Three-Dimensional Problems 1392
Summary/Key Terms 1394
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1395
41ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1401
41.1 The Hydrogen Atom 1401
41.2 The Zeeman Effect 1409
41.3 Electron Spin 1413
41.4 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle 1417
41.5 X-Ray Spectra 1423
Summary/Key Terms 1427
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1428
42MOLECULES AND CONDENSED MATTER 1433
42.1 Types of Molecular Bonds 1433
42.2 Molecular Spectra 1436
42.3 Structure of Solids 1441
42.4 Energy Bands 1445
42.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals 1447
42.6 Semiconductors 1452
42.7 Semiconductor Devices 1455
42.8 Superconductivity 1460
Summary/Key Terms 1461
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1462
43NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1468
43.1 Properties of Nuclei 1468
43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure 1473
43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity 1478
43.4 Activities and Half-Lives 1485
43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation 1489
43.6 Nuclear Reactions 1492
43.7 Nuclear Fission 1494
43.8 Nuclear Fusion 1498
Summary/Key Terms 1502
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1503
44PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 1509
44.1 Fundamental Particles—A History 1509
44.2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors 1514
44.3 Particles and Interactions 1519
44.4 Quarks and the Eightfold Way 1525
44.5 The Standard Model and Beyond 1530
44.6 The Expanding Universe 1532
44.7 The Beginning of Time 1538
Summary/Key Terms 1547
Questions/Exercises/Problems 1548