1 All about matterSolids,liquids and gases 1
The kinetic theory of matter 2
Explaining the states of matter 2
Changes of state 4
Diffusion-evidence for moving particles 7
Brownian motion 8
Checklist 9
Additional questions 10
2 Elements,compounds andmixturesElements 12
Atom-the smallest particles 13
Molecules 14
Compounds 15
More about formulae 16
Balancing chemical equations 16
Instrumental techniques 17
Mixtures 18
What is the difference between mixtures and compounds? 18
Checklist 20
Additional questions 21
3 Acids,bases andsaltsFormation of salts 22
Methods of preparing soluble salts 23
Methods of preparing insoluble salts 25
More about salts 25
Testing for different salts 26
Crystal hydrates 28
Calculation solubility 29
Solubility of salts in water 29
Calculation of water of crystallisation 29
Solubility curves 30
Checklist 31
Additional questions 32
4 Inorganic carbonchemistryLimestone 33
Direct uses of limestone 34
Indirect use of limestone 36
Sodium carbonates-an industrial chemical 38
Properties of carbonates 38
Carbonates and hydrogencarbonates 38
Carbon dioxide 39
Uses of carbon dioxide 40
Laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide gas 40
Properties of carbon dioxide gas 41
Checklist 43
Additional questions 44
With acid 47
5 Metal extraction and chemical reactivityMetal reaction 47
With air/oxygen 48
With water/steam 48
Using the reactivity series 49
Competition reactions in the solid state 49
Competition reactions in aqueous solutions 50
Recycling metals 51
Checklist 51
Additional questions 52
6 AtmosphereThe developing atmosphere 53
The structure of the atmosphere 55
The composition of the atmosphere 56
Fractional distillation of liquid air 57
Uses of the gases 58
Oxygen 58
Nitrogen 58
Noble gases 58
The water cycle 59
Pollution 60
Water pollution 61
Atmospheric pollution 63
Checklist 64
Additional questions 65
GCSE exam questions 66
Periodic table 74
Acknowledgements 76
Answers to numerial questions 76