Introduction to Grammar 1
What is grammar? 1
Why do we study grammar? 5
Grammatical hierarchy 5
Chapter 1 The Parts of Speech 13
Diagnostic test 13
Explanation 16
A．The noun 16
B．The pronoun 16
C．The adjective 20
D．The verb 22
E．The adverb 25
F．The preposition 27
G．The conjunction 28
H．The interjection 30
Chapter 2 The Parts of a Sentence 33
Diagnostic test 33
Explanation 33
A．Subject and predicate 34
B．How to find the subject of a sentence 35
C．Complements 37
D．Direct and indirect object 38
E．The object complement 38
F．Subject complement 39
Chapter 3 The Phrase and the Clause 44
Diagnostic test 44
Explanation 45
Ⅰ．The phrase rank 45
A．Noun phrases and verb phrases 45
B．Adjective phrases and adverb phrases 57
C．The prepositional phrases 64
Ⅱ．The clause rank 66
A．The relative clause 68
B．The noun clause 70
C．The adverbial clause 71
D．The subordinating conjunction 71
E．Sentences classified by structure 75
F．Sentences classified by purpose 76
Chapter 4 The Subject-Verb Agreement 83
Diagnostic test 83
Explanation 84
A．Guiding principles 84
B．Problems of agreement with nouns ending in-s 85
C．Problems of agreement with collective nouns 88
D．Problems of agreement with subject containing coordinate forms 91
E．Problems of agreement with expressions of quantity 93
F．Problems of agreement with noun clause as subject 97
G．Problems of agreement in relative-clause and existential sentence 98
Chapter 5 The Determiners 102
Diagnostic test 102
Explanation 103
A．Function and classes of determiners 103
B．Pre-determiners 122
C．Collocations between determiners 123
D．Article idiomatic usage 123
Chapter 6 Correct Use of Pronouns 130
Diagnostic test 130
Explanation 131
A．Personal pronouns 131
B．Reflexive pronouns,emphatic pronouns and each other 133
C．The pronoun one/ones 135
D．Everyone,something,etc 136
Chapter 7 Verb Tenses and Aspects 143
Diagnostic test 143
Explanation 145
A．Comparison between present progressive and simple present 146
B．Comparison between present perfect and simple past 152
C．Comparison between past progressive and simple past 158
D．Comparison between present perfect progressive and present perfect 161
E．Comparison between past simple and past perfect 165
F．Past perfect progressive 166
G．Ways of expressing future time 168
Chapter 8 Active and Passive Voice 177
Diagnostic test 177
Explanation 178
A．The use of the passive 178
B．Tenses and aspects in the passive 183
C．The passive with get 184
D．Special passive patterns 185
E．Passive+to-infinitive or active participle 187
F．The passive to-infinitive and present participle 188
G．Active forms with a passive meaning 189
H．The passive or be+adjective 190
I．The passive of phrasal verbs 191
Chapter 9 The Subjunctive Mood 195
Diagnostic test 195
Explanation 196
A．Be-subjunctive 196
B．Were-subjunctive 198
Chapter 10 Auxiliary Verbs 201
Diagnostic test 201
Explanation 203
A．The primary auxiliary verbs(do,have,be) 203
B．The modal auxiliaries 204
C．The NICE properties of auxiliaries 218
D．Semi-auxiliaries 218
Chapter 11 Non-Finite Verbs 225
Diagnostic test 225
Explanation 225
A．Infinitive and the infinitive phrase 226
B．Ing-participle 231
C．Ing-participle clauses 242
D．Inng-participle or ed-participle clauses? 244
Chapter 12 Adjectives,Adverbs and Their Phrases 254
Diagnostic test 254
Explanation 254
A．Adjective patterns 255
B．Adjectives used in one position only 258
C．Adjectives and participles 260
D．The order of adjectives 261
E．Adjectives used as nouns 263
F．Adjectives or adverbs 264
G．Comparative and superlative forms 268
H．Patterns expressing a comparison 271
I．Adverbs and word order 274
Chapter 13 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 289
Diagnostic test 289
Explanation 290
A．The other functions of prepositional phrases 293
B．Prepositions of place 293
C．Prepositions of time 296
D．Idiomatic phrases with prepositions 300
E．Noun+preposition 301
F．Prepositional verbs 304
G．Verb+object+preposition 308
H．Phrasal verbs 310
Chapter 14 Statements and Questions 322
Diagnostic test 322
Explanation 323
A．Statement 323
B．Negative statements 324
C．Questions 326
Chapter 15 Coordination and Subordination 340
Diagnostic test 340
Explanation 341
A．Coordinate ideas 341
B．Subordinate ideas 346
C．Adverbial clauses 346
Chapter 16 Conditional Clauses 354
Diagnostic test 354
Explanation 355
A．Introduction 355
B．Type 0 conditionals 357
C．Type 1 conditionals 357
D．Type 2 conditionals 358
E．Type 3 conditionals 359
F．If,as long as,unless,in case,etc 361
G．should,were,had and inversion 362
H．Implied conditions 363
Chapter 17 Noun Clauses 368
Diagnostic test 368
Explanation 368
A．Introduction 368
B．Patterns with noun clauses 369
C．Direct and indirect speech 371
Chapter 18 Relative Clauses 385
Diagnostic test 385
Explanation 385
A．Identifying clauses 386
B．Classifying clauses 387
C．Adding clauses 387
D．Connective clauses 387
E．The comparison of the identifying clause and the adding clause 388
F．The comparison of the classifying clause andthe adding clause 388
G．Relative pronouns 388
H．The pattern a quantifier+of whom/of which 390
I．A special use of which 390
J．The use ofthat 391
K．Relative adverbs 392
Chapter 19 Leaving Out and Replacing Words 396
Diagnostic test 396
Explanation 396
A．Avoiding repetition 396
B．Leaving out words after the auxiliary 397
C．Leaving out an infinitive clause 398
D．Leaving out words after a question word 399
E．Leaving out words through coordination 399
F．Leaving out words at the beginning ofa sentence 400
G．Patterns with too,either,so and neifher/nor 401
H．Do so,do it and do that 402
I．Some other ways of avoiding repetition 403
Chapter 20 Information and Emphasis 407
Diagnostic test 407
Explanation 408
A．Word order and information 408
B．Front-position 410
C．The empty there and it 413
D．There or it 416
E．Emphasis 417
Key to Exercises 421
Bibliography 460