Unit One Classification of Sentences 1
1.1 Topic Sentences,Supporting Sentences,and Concluding Sentences 3
1.2 General(Abstract) Sentences and Specific (Concrete)Sentences 4
1.3 Statements,Questions,Commands,and Exclamations 5
1.4 Simple Sentences,Compound Sentences,Complex Sentences,and Compound-complex Sentences 6
1.5 Loose Sentences,Periodic Sentences,and Balanced Sentences 9
1.6 Short Sentences and Long Sentences 11
Exercises 12
Unit Two Functional Classification of Sentences and Uses of Sentences 14
2.1 Exclamations(Exclamatory Sentences) 14
2.2 Questions(Interrogative Sentences) 16
2.3 Commands(Imperative Sentences) 20
2.4 Statements(Declarative Sentences) 23
Exercises 33
Unit Three Grammatical Classification of Sentences and Sentence Expansion 36
3.1 Clause Elements 36
3.2 Basic Sentence Patterns 37
3.3 Sentence Expansion—Modification and Compounding 39
3.4 Sentence Expansion—Coordination and Subordination 48
3.5 Considerations on the Use of Different Grammatical Types of Sentences 59
3.6 Application of Modification and Compounding as well as Subordination and Coordination in Sentence Expansion 63
Exercises 65
Unit Four Rhetorical Classification of Sentences and Sentence Conversion 68
4.1 Rhetorical Classification of Sentences 68
4.2 The Different Effects between Loose and Periodic Sentences 69
4.3 Loose Sentence 69
4.4 Periodic Sentence 71
4.5 Methods of Conversion from Loose to Periodic 73
4.6 Balanced Sentence 78
4.7 The Mixed Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 78
Exercises 79
Unit Five Sentence Combination and Long and Short Sentences 81
5.1 Criteria for the Best Combmation 81
5.2 Methods and Principles in Sentence Combination 82
5.3 Logical Problems in Sentence Combination 85
5.4 Occasions to Use Short and Long Sentences 90
Exercises 95
Unit Six Sentence Variety through Non-subject-first Sentence 97
6.1 Ways to Avoid Subject-first Sentences 97
6.2 Principles in Sentence-beginning Variety 101
6.3 Use of the Principles in Combination 103
Exercises 106
Unit Seven Run-on Sentence 109
7.1 Two Types of Run-on Sentences 109
7.2 Five Ways of Correction 110
7.3 Use of the Principles of Revising Run-on Sentences 111
7.4 Legitimate Run-on Sentences 116
Exercises 117
Unit Eight Sentence Fragments 120
8.1 Acceptable or Legitimate Sentence Fragments 120
8.2 Five Major Types of Acceptable Sentence Fragrnents 121
8.3 Added-detail Fragments 125
8.4 Missing-Subject Fragments 126
Exercises 128
Unit Nine Parallelism and Faulty Parallelism 132
9.1 The Meaning of Parallelism 132
9.2 Three Major Types of Faulty Parallelism 133
9.3 Punctuating Parallel Elements 140
Exercises 141
Unit Ten Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 144
10.1 Adverbials 144
10.2 Modification in the Form of Adjective,Noun Phrases,or Clauses 145
10.3 Misplaced Modifiers 148
10.4 Dangling Modifiers 151
Exercises 152
Unit Eleven Diction 157
11.1 Levels of Diction 157
11.2 Formal and Informal 157
11.3 Concrete and Specific,Abstract and General 158
11.4 Denotation and Connotation 161
11.5 Slang 162
11.6 Cliché 163
11.7 Pretentious Words or Jargon 163
11.8 Wordiness 164
Exercises 165
Unit Twelve Punctuation 169
12.1 Comma 169
12.2 Period,Question mark,and Exclamation Mark 175
12.3 Semicolon and Colon 178
12.4 Hyphen 181
12.5 Dash 182
12.6 Parentheses 184
12.7 Quotation Mark 186
Exercises 188
Bibliography 194