Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale for the Study 3
1.2 Context of the Study 7
1.3 Purpose of the Study 8
1.4 Research Questions 9
1.5 Significance of the Study 10
1.6 Definitions 10
1.7 Organization 13
Chapter Two Review of the Literature 15
2.1 Heritage Language Education and Chinese Heritage Language Schools in the United States 16
2.2 Language Socialization 20
2.3 Social Context and SLA 25
2.4 Child Development in Chinese Tradition 27
2.5 Language Maintenance and Parental Roles 29
Chapter Three Methodology 34
3.1 The Chinese Community 35
3.2 The LuXun Chinese Hertage Language School 36
3.3 Students 39
3.4 Instructors 41
3.5 Parents 41
3.6 Data Collection 42
3.7 Data Reduction 49
3.8 Analytical Approach 49
3.9 Role ofResearcher and Reliability and Validity 51
Chapter Four Contrasting Models 56
4.1 General Classroom Routines 56
4.2 Ms.Young's Language Classroom 57
4.3 Roles of Teacher 59
4.4 Roles of Students 66
4.5 Summary of Language Classroom Findings 72
4.6 The Dance Class 75
4.7 Summary of the Dance Class 79
Chapter Five Language Use and Language Acquisition 81
5.1 Language Use in Classes 82
5.2 Among Peers 86
5.3 Socialization through Formulaic Speech 87
5.4 Address Terms of the Older Generations 93
5.5 Language Proficiency 102
5.6 Summary 117
Chapter Six Mother Does the Dinner Table Talk 119
6.1 What Does the Mother Say? 120
6.2 Topics Common to the Three Families 134
6.3 Father Makes Big Decisions 140
6.4 Summary 142
Chapter Seven Voices of Children,Parents,and Instructors 144
7.1 Perplexity of the Children 145
7.2 Voice of Instructors 159
7.3 Voice of Parents 165
7.4 Summary 170
Chapter Eight Socialized into the Chinese Community 172
8.1 Performance at the Chinese School Gathering 172
8.2 Value of the Handwriting 182
8.3 Summary 185
Chapter Nine Changes at the Lu Xun Chinese Heritage Language School 186
9.1 At the Macro Level 187
9.2 Atthe Micro Level 189
9.3 Summary 198
Chapter Ten Discussion and Conclusion 200
10.1 Summary of the Study 201
10.2 Children as Agents 202
10.3 Role of Parents 204
10.4 On the Verge of Language Shift 205
10.5 Who Are Responsible? 210
10.6 Implications 212
10.7 Directions for Further Study 219
10.8 Conclusion 222
Appendixes 224
Appendix 1 Conventions Used in Examples 224
Appendix 2 Consultant Demographic Information 225
Appendix 3 Survey of Language Use,Language Learning,and Identity 228
Appendix 4 Interview Questions for Children 230
Appendix 5 Interview Questions for Parents 232
Appendix 6 Sample Interview Questions for Instructors 234
Appendix 7 Chinese Character Writing Grid 235
Appendix 8 Chinese Grammar Test 236
Appendix 9 Chinese Text Used for Running Record 238
References 240
后记 255
Acknowledgments 257