1 Introduction 1
1.1 Origin of language (Q1 ～ Q2) 1
1.2 Features of language (Q3 ～ Q11) 2
1.3 Functions of language (Q12 ～ Q19) 4
1.4 Linguistics and its main branches (Q20 ～ Q22) 5
1.5 Macrolinguistics (Q23 ～ Q24) 6
1.6 Important distinctions in linguistics (Q25 ～ Q32) 7
Exercises 9
Keys 13
2 Phonology 17
2.1 Speech production and perception(Q1 ～ Q3) 18
2.2 Speech organs (Q4 ～ Q6) 18
2.3 Segments divergences and phonetic transcription (Q7 ～ Q10) 19
2.4 Consonants (Q11 ～ Q20) 20
2.5 Vowels (Q21 ～ Q23) 22
2.6 Coarticulation (Q24) 24
2.7 Phonological analysis (Q25 ～ Q27) 24
2.8 Phonemes and allophones (Q28 ～ Q31) 25
2.9 Phonological process (Q32 ～ Q34) 26
2.10 Distinctive features (Q35) 28
2.11 Syllable (Q36 ～ Q39) 28
2.12 Stress (Q40 ～ Q41) 28
Exercises 29
Keys 32
3 Morphology 36
3.1 Definition of morphology (Q1) 36
3.2 The internal structure of words(Q2 ～ Q8) 36
3.3 Inflection(Q9) 39
3.4 Word-formation (Q10 ～ Q26) 39
3.5 Word and word classification(Q27 ～ Q30) 44
Exercises 45
Keys 49
4 Syntax 52
4.1 Introduction to syntax (Q1 ～ Q5) 52
4.2 The traditional approach (Q6 ～ Q7) 54
4.3 The structural approach (Q8 ～ Q16) 55
4.4 The generative approach (Q17 ～ Q30) 58
4.5 The functional approach (Q31 ～ Q33) 65
Exercises 66
Keys 70
5 Semantics 74
5.1 Semantics in linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2) 74
5.2 Semantic units (Q3) 75
5.3 Meaning of the word (Q4 ～ Q7) 76
5.4 Meaning of the sentence (Q8 ～ Q11) 77
5.5 Meanings of phrases and idioms (Q12 ～ Q13) 79
5.6 Semantic relations (Q14 ～ Q31) 79
Exercises 88
Keys 91
6 Pragmatics 95
6.1 Deixis and distance (Q1 ～ Q2) 95
6.2 Reference and inference (Q3 ～ Q4) 96
6.3 Speech act theory (Q5 ～ Q22) 96
6.4 The theory of conversational implicature (Q23 ～ Q29) 102
6.5 Politeness and interaction (Q30 ～ Q32) 106
6.6 Discourse and culture (Q33 ～ Q34) 107
Exercises 108
Keys 112
7 Historical Linguistics 117
7.1 Introduction to historical linguistics (Q1 ～ Q3) 117
7.2 Genealogical classification (Q4 ～ Q9) 118
7.3 Typological classification (Q10 ～ Q12) 121
7.4 Methods in historical linguistics (Q13 ～ Q16) 122
7.5 Sound changes (Q17 ～ Q25) 123
7.6 Morphological and syntactic changes (Q26 ～ Q28) 126
7.7 Lexical and semantic changes (Q29 ～ Q36) 128
7.8 Summary of linguistic changes (Q37) 131
Exercises 132
Keys 136
8 Sociolinguistics 140
8.1 Language and culture (Q1 ～ Q19) 140
8.2 Language and society (Q20 ～ Q38) 146
Exercises 152
Keys 156
9 Psycholinguistics 161
9.1 Introduction (Q1 ～ Q3) 161
9.2 Language and the brain (Q4 ～ Q14) 162
9.3 Psychological mechanisms (Q15 ～ Q20) 167
9.4 Language comprehension (Q21 ～ Q30) 169
9.5 Language production (Q31 ～ Q36) 174
9.6 Language acquisition in children (Q37 ～ Q47) 177
9.7 Language and thought (Q48 ～ Q50) 184
Exerciscs 185
Keys 189
10 Language Acquisition 194
10.1 Introduction (Q1) 194
10.2 Language research methodology (Q2 ～ Q6) 194
10.3 Types of data analysis (Q7 ～ Q11) 197
10.4 Substantive findings (Q12 ～ Q22) 199
10.5 Linguistic environment for language acquisition (Q23 ～ Q29) 203
10.6 Explanations for differential success among language learners (Q30 ～ Q36) 205
10.7 Theories about language acquisition (Q37 ～ Q40) 208
10.8 Instruction and language acquisition (Q41 ～ Q44) 209
Exercises 210
Keys 214
11 Schools of Modern Linguistics 218
11.1 The beginning of modem linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2) 218
11.2 American descriptive and structuralist (Q3 ～ Q7) 219
11.3 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar (Q8 ～ Q12) 223
11.4 Early functionalist linguistics theories (Q13 ～ Q19) 226
11.5 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar (Q20 ～ Q25) 229
11.6 Linguistic theories in the latter half of the 20th contury (Q26 ～ Q30) 232
Exercises 235
Keys 239
硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（一） 243
硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（二） 253
硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（三） 261
哈尔滨工业大学二○○八年硕士研究生入学考试试题 269
哈尔滨工业大学二○○九年硕士研究生入学考试试题 275
Glossary and Index 282
References 295