语言学习题集PDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Origin of language (Q1 ～ Q2) 1

1.2 Features of language (Q3 ～ Q11) 2

1.3 Functions of language (Q12 ～ Q19) 4

1.4 Linguistics and its main branches (Q20 ～ Q22) 5

1.5 Macrolinguistics (Q23 ～ Q24) 6

1.6 Important distinctions in linguistics (Q25 ～ Q32) 7

Exercises 9

Keys 13

2 Phonology 17

2.1 Speech production and perception(Q1 ～ Q3) 18

2.2 Speech organs (Q4 ～ Q6) 18

2.3 Segments divergences and phonetic transcription (Q7 ～ Q10) 19

2.4 Consonants (Q11 ～ Q20) 20

2.5 Vowels (Q21 ～ Q23) 22

2.6 Coarticulation (Q24) 24

2.7 Phonological analysis (Q25 ～ Q27) 24

2.8 Phonemes and allophones (Q28 ～ Q31) 25

2.9 Phonological process (Q32 ～ Q34) 26

2.10 Distinctive features (Q35) 28

2.11 Syllable (Q36 ～ Q39) 28

2.12 Stress (Q40 ～ Q41) 28

Exercises 29

Keys 32

3 Morphology 36

3.1 Definition of morphology (Q1) 36

3.2 The internal structure of words(Q2 ～ Q8) 36

3.3 Inflection(Q9) 39

3.4 Word-formation (Q10 ～ Q26) 39

3.5 Word and word classification(Q27 ～ Q30) 44

Exercises 45

Keys 49

4 Syntax 52

4.1 Introduction to syntax (Q1 ～ Q5) 52

4.2 The traditional approach (Q6 ～ Q7) 54

4.3 The structural approach (Q8 ～ Q16) 55

4.4 The generative approach (Q17 ～ Q30) 58

4.5 The functional approach (Q31 ～ Q33) 65

Exercises 66

Keys 70

5 Semantics 74

5.1 Semantics in linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2) 74

5.2 Semantic units (Q3) 75

5.3 Meaning of the word (Q4 ～ Q7) 76

5.4 Meaning of the sentence (Q8 ～ Q11) 77

5.5 Meanings of phrases and idioms (Q12 ～ Q13) 79

5.6 Semantic relations (Q14 ～ Q31) 79

Exercises 88

Keys 91

6 Pragmatics 95

6.1 Deixis and distance (Q1 ～ Q2) 95

6.2 Reference and inference (Q3 ～ Q4) 96

6.3 Speech act theory (Q5 ～ Q22) 96

6.4 The theory of conversational implicature (Q23 ～ Q29) 102

6.5 Politeness and interaction (Q30 ～ Q32) 106

6.6 Discourse and culture (Q33 ～ Q34) 107

Exercises 108

Keys 112

7 Historical Linguistics 117

7.1 Introduction to historical linguistics (Q1 ～ Q3) 117

7.2 Genealogical classification (Q4 ～ Q9) 118

7.3 Typological classification (Q10 ～ Q12) 121

7.4 Methods in historical linguistics (Q13 ～ Q16) 122

7.5 Sound changes (Q17 ～ Q25) 123

7.6 Morphological and syntactic changes (Q26 ～ Q28) 126

7.7 Lexical and semantic changes (Q29 ～ Q36) 128

7.8 Summary of linguistic changes (Q37) 131

Exercises 132

Keys 136

8 Sociolinguistics 140

8.1 Language and culture (Q1 ～ Q19) 140

8.2 Language and society (Q20 ～ Q38) 146

Exercises 152

Keys 156

9 Psycholinguistics 161

9.1 Introduction (Q1 ～ Q3) 161

9.2 Language and the brain (Q4 ～ Q14) 162

9.3 Psychological mechanisms (Q15 ～ Q20) 167

9.4 Language comprehension (Q21 ～ Q30) 169

9.5 Language production (Q31 ～ Q36) 174

9.6 Language acquisition in children (Q37 ～ Q47) 177

9.7 Language and thought (Q48 ～ Q50) 184

Exerciscs 185

Keys 189

10 Language Acquisition 194

10.1 Introduction (Q1) 194

10.2 Language research methodology (Q2 ～ Q6) 194

10.3 Types of data analysis (Q7 ～ Q11) 197

10.4 Substantive findings (Q12 ～ Q22) 199

10.5 Linguistic environment for language acquisition (Q23 ～ Q29) 203

10.6 Explanations for differential success among language learners (Q30 ～ Q36) 205

10.7 Theories about language acquisition (Q37 ～ Q40) 208

10.8 Instruction and language acquisition (Q41 ～ Q44) 209

Exercises 210

Keys 214

11 Schools of Modern Linguistics 218

11.1 The beginning of modem linguistics (Q1 ～ Q2) 218

11.2 American descriptive and structuralist (Q3 ～ Q7) 219

11.3 Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar (Q8 ～ Q12) 223

11.4 Early functionalist linguistics theories (Q13 ～ Q19) 226

11.5 Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar (Q20 ～ Q25) 229

11.6 Linguistic theories in the latter half of the 20th contury (Q26 ～ Q30) 232

Exercises 235

Keys 239

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（一） 243

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（二） 253

硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷（三） 261

哈尔滨工业大学二○○八年硕士研究生入学考试试题 269

哈尔滨工业大学二○○九年硕士研究生入学考试试题 275

Glossary and Index 282

References 295