VOLUME ONE THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 3
Chapter One Geography and Population 3
Part One Names and Position 3
Official and Geographical Names 3
Position 3
Part Two Geographical Features 3
The Highland Zone 4
The Lowland Zone 4
Part Three Climate 4
Features of Climate 4
Factors Influencing Climate 4
Part Four Natural Resources 5
Minerals 5
Fisheries 5
Forests and Farmlands 5
Waters 5
Part Five The People 6
Origins of the British Nationalities 6
Characteristics of the British People 6
Part Six Language 7
Official Language and Other Languages 7
History of the English Language 7
Part Seven Religions 7
Christianity 7
The Church of England 7
Other Denominations 8
Exercises 8
Chapter Two Government and Politics 10
Part One Political System 10
Part Two The Constitution 10
Part Three The Monarch 10
Functions of the Monarch 10
Act of Settlement 11
Elizabeth Ⅱ 11
Part Four Parliament 11
The House of Commons 12
The House of Lords 12
Part Five The Cabinet 12
Functions of the Cabinet 12
Two-Party System 13
Part Six The Judiciary 13
The Lord Chancellor 13
Law and Courts 13
Exercises 13
Chapter Three Education and Social Life 16
Part One Education 16
Types of Schools 16
Levels of Education 16
Part Two Social Welfare 18
Part Three Class Structure and Social Problems 18
Exercises 19
Chapter Four Economy and Major Cities 21
Part One Economic Profile 21
Part Two Structure of Economy 21
The Primary Industries 21
The Secondary Industries 22
The Tertiary Industries 22
Part Three Major Cities 22
London 22
Birmingham 23
Manchester 23
Liverpool 24
Cardiff 24
Edinburgh 24
Belfast 24
Exercises 25
Chapter Five History 26
Part One The Early and Medieval History 26
The Native Celts and the Roman Conquest 26
The Anglo-Saxon Conquest 26
The Viking Invasions 27
The Norman Conquest 27
Exercises 27
Part Two The Decline of Feudalism and the Rise of the English Bourgeoisie 28
Henry Ⅱ and His Reforms 29
King John and the Great Charter 29
Beginning of Parliament 30
The Hundred Years' War 30
The Black Death 31
The Peasants' Revolt 31
The Wars of the Roses 32
The New Monarchy 32
Renaissance in England 34
Exercises 35
Part Three English Bourgeoisie Revolution in the 17th Century 36
James I and the Parliament 36
Charles I 36
The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament 37
The Civil War 37
Restoration 37
The Glorious Revolution 38
Exercises 39
Part Four The Rise of the British Empire 39
The Industrial Revolution 39
The Chartist Movement 40
Queen Victoria and Her Time 41
Foreign Expansion 41
Exercises 43
Part Five The Fall of the British Empire 44
Britain and World War Ⅰ 44
Britain and World War Ⅱ 44
Major Events After World War Ⅱ 46
Conservative in Power 48
Labour in Power 49
The 2010 General Election 50
Relations with China 50
Exercises 55
VOLUME TWO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 59
Chapter One Geography and Population 59
Part One Names and Position 59
Part Two Geographical Features 59
The Eastern Part 60
The Central Part 60
The Western Part 60
Part Three Climate 61
Features of Climate 61
Factors Influencing Climate 62
Part Four Natural Resources 63
Waters 63
Forests 64
Minerals 64
Part Five The People 65
Immigration to America 65
Composition of Population 66
Exercises 69
Chapter Two Government and Politics 71
Part One Government Principles 71
Part Two The Federal Government 71
The President 71
The Congress 72
The Supreme Court 73
Notable Government Agencies 74
Part Three State and Local Governments 75
Exercises 76
Chapter Three Economy and Major Cities 78
Part One Economic Profile 78
Part Two Economic System 78
The Giant Corporations 79
The Small Businesses 79
Role of Government in Economy 79
Part Three Structure of Economy 80
The Primary Industries 80
The Secondary Industries 81
The Tertiary Industries 81
Part Four Imports and Exports 82
Part Five Energy 82
Part Six Current Problems 83
Part Seven Major Cities 83
Washington, D. C. 83
New York City 83
Chicago 84
Boston 84
Los Angeles 84
Detroit 85
Houston 85
San Francisco 85
Exercises 85
Chapter Four Education and Social Life 87
Part One American Education 87
Elementary and Secondary Education 87
Higher Education 87
Part Two Employment and Social Welfare 88
Employment in America Today 88
Types of Social Welfare 89
Exercises 90
Chapter Five History 92
Part One The Thirteen Colonies and the War of Independence 92
Columbus Discovering the New World 92
The Founding of the Colonies 93
The Early Immigrants 94
Relations Between England and the Colonies 95
Conflicts Leading to Armed Revolution 95
The First Continental Congress 96
The First Armed Clash 97
The Declaration of Independence 97
The War of Independence 97
Exercises 98
Part Two Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion 99
America Following Independence 100
The Confederation and the Constitution 100
Washington as the First President 101
John Adams 102
The Administration of Thomas Jefferson 103
The War with Britain Between 1812 and 1814 104
The Monroe Doctrine 105
Jackson and Spoils System 105
The Mexican War 106
The Westward Movement 106
Exercises 107
Part Three The United States During and After the Civil War 108
The American Civil War 108
After the Civil War 109
Economic Development 110
Social Reforms During Industrialization 111
The Growth of U. S. Imperialism 112
Exercises 112
Part Four The United States During and After World War Ⅰ 113
World War Ⅰ 113
American Red Scare 114
Changes of America After World War Ⅰ 114
The Great Depression 116
President Roosevelt's “New Deal” 116
Exercises 117
Part Five The United States During and After World War Ⅱ 118
World War Ⅱ 118
The Lend-Lease Bill 120
Cold War and America's Containment 120
The Korean War 120
McCarthy Era 121
Cuban Missile Crisis 122
John Kennedy and New Frontier 122
Demands for Reform 123
The Beat Generation 124
Vietnam War 124
The Watergate Affair 125
Present America 125
Relations with China 132
Exercises 134
VOLUME THREE THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 139
Chapter One Geography and Population 139
Part One Position 139
Part Two Geographical Features 139
The Eastern Highlands 139
The Central Eastern Lowlands 139
The Great Western Plateau 139
Part Three Climate 140
Features of Climate 140
Factors Influencing Climate 140
Part Four The People 140
Exercises 141
Chapter Two Government and Politics 143
Part One Constitution 143
Part Two Parliament 143
Part Three The Judiciary 144
Part Four Parties 144
The Australian Labour Party 144
Liberal Party 144
National Party 145
Exercises 145
Chapter Three Education 147
Part One Primary Education 147
Part Two Secondary Education 147
Part Three Tertiary Education 148
Exercises 148
Chapter Four Economy and Major Cities 150
Part One Structure of Economy 150
Agriculture 150
Mining Industry 150
Service Industries 151
Part Two Current Problems 151
Part Three Major Cities 152
Canberra 152
Sydney 152
Melbourne 153
Exercises 154
Chapter Five History 156
Part One Australia to Federation 156
The Natives in Australia Before 1788 156
Australia as a Colony from 1788 to 1900 156
Exercises 158
Part Two Australia Since Federation 159
Founding of Australia-Federation 159
Australia and World War Ⅰ 159
Australia and World War Ⅱ 160
Australia After World War Ⅱ 160
Present Australia 161
Relations with China 161
Exercises 162
VOLUME FOUR CANADA 167
Chapter One Geography and Population 167
Part One Geographical Features 167
Position 167
Landform 167
Climate 169
Part Two Natural Resources 169
Minerals 169
Waters 170
Forests 170
Part Three The People 170
Distribution of Population 170
Multi-nationality 170
Part Four Culture 170
Multi-culturalism 170
Bilingualism 171
Sports 171
Religion 171
Part Five Education 171
Exercises 172
Chapter Two Government and Politics 174
Part One Political System 174
Part Two Parties 175
Part Three Quebec's Problem 175
Exercises 176
Chapter Three Economy and Major Cities 178
Part One Structure of Economy 178
Changes and Adjustments 178
Agriculture 179
Manufacturing 179
Part Two Current Problems 179
Part Three Major Cities 180
Ottawa 180
Montreal 180
Toronto 180
Vancouver 180
Calgary 181
Quebec City 181
Winnipeg 182
Exercises 182
Chapter Four History 184
Part One Discovery by the European 184
Part Two Colony of Britain 184
Part Three Autonomous Government and the Commonwealth of Nations 185
Part Four Independence 185
Part Five Present Canada 186
Part Six Foreign Relations 186
Exercises 187
VOLUME FIVE NEW ZEALAND 191
Chapter One Geography and Population 191
Part One Geographical Features 191
Part Two Climate 192
Part Three Biodiversity 192
Part Four The People 193
Part Five Culture 193
Part Six Education 194
Primary and Secondary Education 194
Higher Education 194
Exercises 195
Chapter Two Government and Politics 197
Part One Political System 197
Part Two Government 197
Part Three Parliament 197
Part Four Election System 198
Part Five The Judiciary 198
Exercises 198
Chapter Three Economy 200
Part One Structure of Economy 200
Part Two Export and Import Products 201
Agriculture 201
Industry 202
Energy 202
Exercises 202
Chapter Four History 204
Part One The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 204
Part Two The Independence of New Zealand 204
Part Three Post-war New Zealand 205
Part Four Foreign Relations 205
Exercises 206
VOLUME SIX THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND 209
Chapter One Geography and Population 209
Part One Geographical Features 209
Part Two Climate 209
Part Three Population and Language 210
Part Four Culture 210
Religion 210
Part Five Education 211
Exercises 211
Chapter Two Government and Politics 213
Part One Constitution 213
Part Two Political System 213
The Executive 213
The Legislative 213
The Judiciary 214
Part Three Parties 214
Exercises 214
Chapter Three Economy 216
Exercises 217
Chapter Four History 218
Exercises 219
Appendix 1 : Key to the Exercises 221
Appendix 2 : Supplementary Materials for Reference 243
1．英国历代国王、女王世系表 243
2．英国历届首相一览表 245
3．美国主要地名表 247
4．美国历届总统一览表 249