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VOLUME ONE THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 3

Chapter One Geography and Population 3

Part One Names and Position 3

Official and Geographical Names 3

Position 3

Part Two Geographical Features 3

The Highland Zone 4

The Lowland Zone 4

Part Three Climate 4

Features of Climate 4

Factors Influencing Climate 4

Part Four Natural Resources 5

Minerals 5

Fisheries 5

Forests and Farmlands 5

Waters 5

Part Five The People 6

Origins of the British Nationalities 6

Characteristics of the British People 6

Part Six Language 7

Official Language and Other Languages 7

History of the English Language 7

Part Seven Religions 7

Christianity 7

The Church of England 7

Other Denominations 8

Exercises 8

Chapter Two Government and Politics 10

Part One Political System 10

Part Two The Constitution 10

Part Three The Monarch 10

Functions of the Monarch 10

Act of Settlement 11

Elizabeth Ⅱ 11

Part Four Parliament 11

The House of Commons 12

The House of Lords 12

Part Five The Cabinet 12

Functions of the Cabinet 12

Two-Party System 13

Part Six The Judiciary 13

The Lord Chancellor 13

Law and Courts 13

Exercises 13

Chapter Three Education and Social Life 16

Part One Education 16

Types of Schools 16

Levels of Education 16

Part Two Social Welfare 18

Part Three Class Structure and Social Problems 18

Exercises 19

Chapter Four Economy and Major Cities 21

Part One Economic Profile 21

Part Two Structure of Economy 21

The Primary Industries 21

The Secondary Industries 22

The Tertiary Industries 22

Part Three Major Cities 22

London 22

Birmingham 23

Manchester 23

Liverpool 24

Cardiff 24

Edinburgh 24

Belfast 24

Exercises 25

Chapter Five History 26

Part One The Early and Medieval History 26

The Native Celts and the Roman Conquest 26

The Anglo-Saxon Conquest 26

The Viking Invasions 27

The Norman Conquest 27

Exercises 27

Part Two The Decline of Feudalism and the Rise of the English Bourgeoisie 28

Henry Ⅱ and His Reforms 29

King John and the Great Charter 29

Beginning of Parliament 30

The Hundred Years' War 30

The Black Death 31

The Peasants' Revolt 31

The Wars of the Roses 32

The New Monarchy 32

Renaissance in England 34

Exercises 35

Part Three English Bourgeoisie Revolution in the 17th Century 36

James I and the Parliament 36

Charles I 36

The Short Parliament and the Long Parliament 37

The Civil War 37

Restoration 37

The Glorious Revolution 38

Exercises 39

Part Four The Rise of the British Empire 39

The Industrial Revolution 39

The Chartist Movement 40

Queen Victoria and Her Time 41

Foreign Expansion 41

Exercises 43

Part Five The Fall of the British Empire 44

Britain and World War Ⅰ 44

Britain and World War Ⅱ 44

Major Events After World War Ⅱ 46

Conservative in Power 48

Labour in Power 49

The 2010 General Election 50

Relations with China 50

Exercises 55

VOLUME TWO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 59

Chapter One Geography and Population 59

Part One Names and Position 59

Part Two Geographical Features 59

The Eastern Part 60

The Central Part 60

The Western Part 60

Part Three Climate 61

Features of Climate 61

Factors Influencing Climate 62

Part Four Natural Resources 63

Waters 63

Forests 64

Minerals 64

Part Five The People 65

Immigration to America 65

Composition of Population 66

Exercises 69

Chapter Two Government and Politics 71

Part One Government Principles 71

Part Two The Federal Government 71

The President 71

The Congress 72

The Supreme Court 73

Notable Government Agencies 74

Part Three State and Local Governments 75

Exercises 76

Chapter Three Economy and Major Cities 78

Part One Economic Profile 78

Part Two Economic System 78

The Giant Corporations 79

The Small Businesses 79

Role of Government in Economy 79

Part Three Structure of Economy 80

The Primary Industries 80

The Secondary Industries 81

The Tertiary Industries 81

Part Four Imports and Exports 82

Part Five Energy 82

Part Six Current Problems 83

Part Seven Major Cities 83

Washington, D. C. 83

New York City 83

Chicago 84

Boston 84

Los Angeles 84

Detroit 85

Houston 85

San Francisco 85

Exercises 85

Chapter Four Education and Social Life 87

Part One American Education 87

Elementary and Secondary Education 87

Higher Education 87

Part Two Employment and Social Welfare 88

Employment in America Today 88

Types of Social Welfare 89

Exercises 90

Chapter Five History 92

Part One The Thirteen Colonies and the War of Independence 92

Columbus Discovering the New World 92

The Founding of the Colonies 93

The Early Immigrants 94

Relations Between England and the Colonies 95

Conflicts Leading to Armed Revolution 95

The First Continental Congress 96

The First Armed Clash 97

The Declaration of Independence 97

The War of Independence 97

Exercises 98

Part Two Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion 99

America Following Independence 100

The Confederation and the Constitution 100

Washington as the First President 101

John Adams 102

The Administration of Thomas Jefferson 103

The War with Britain Between 1812 and 1814 104

The Monroe Doctrine 105

Jackson and Spoils System 105

The Mexican War 106

The Westward Movement 106

Exercises 107

Part Three The United States During and After the Civil War 108

The American Civil War 108

After the Civil War 109

Economic Development 110

Social Reforms During Industrialization 111

The Growth of U. S. Imperialism 112

Exercises 112

Part Four The United States During and After World War Ⅰ 113

World War Ⅰ 113

American Red Scare 114

Changes of America After World War Ⅰ 114

The Great Depression 116

President Roosevelt's “New Deal” 116

Exercises 117

Part Five The United States During and After World War Ⅱ 118

World War Ⅱ 118

The Lend-Lease Bill 120

Cold War and America's Containment 120

The Korean War 120

McCarthy Era 121

Cuban Missile Crisis 122

John Kennedy and New Frontier 122

Demands for Reform 123

The Beat Generation 124

Vietnam War 124

The Watergate Affair 125

Present America 125

Relations with China 132

Exercises 134

VOLUME THREE THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 139

Chapter One Geography and Population 139

Part One Position 139

Part Two Geographical Features 139

The Eastern Highlands 139

The Central Eastern Lowlands 139

The Great Western Plateau 139

Part Three Climate 140

Features of Climate 140

Factors Influencing Climate 140

Part Four The People 140

Exercises 141

Chapter Two Government and Politics 143

Part One Constitution 143

Part Two Parliament 143

Part Three The Judiciary 144

Part Four Parties 144

The Australian Labour Party 144

Liberal Party 144

National Party 145

Exercises 145

Chapter Three Education 147

Part One Primary Education 147

Part Two Secondary Education 147

Part Three Tertiary Education 148

Exercises 148

Chapter Four Economy and Major Cities 150

Part One Structure of Economy 150

Agriculture 150

Mining Industry 150

Service Industries 151

Part Two Current Problems 151

Part Three Major Cities 152

Canberra 152

Sydney 152

Melbourne 153

Exercises 154

Chapter Five History 156

Part One Australia to Federation 156

The Natives in Australia Before 1788 156

Australia as a Colony from 1788 to 1900 156

Exercises 158

Part Two Australia Since Federation 159

Founding of Australia-Federation 159

Australia and World War Ⅰ 159

Australia and World War Ⅱ 160

Australia After World War Ⅱ 160

Present Australia 161

Relations with China 161

Exercises 162

VOLUME FOUR CANADA 167

Chapter One Geography and Population 167

Part One Geographical Features 167

Position 167

Landform 167

Climate 169

Part Two Natural Resources 169

Minerals 169

Waters 170

Forests 170

Part Three The People 170

Distribution of Population 170

Multi-nationality 170

Part Four Culture 170

Multi-culturalism 170

Bilingualism 171

Sports 171

Religion 171

Part Five Education 171

Exercises 172

Chapter Two Government and Politics 174

Part One Political System 174

Part Two Parties 175

Part Three Quebec's Problem 175

Exercises 176

Chapter Three Economy and Major Cities 178

Part One Structure of Economy 178

Changes and Adjustments 178

Agriculture 179

Manufacturing 179

Part Two Current Problems 179

Part Three Major Cities 180

Ottawa 180

Montreal 180

Toronto 180

Vancouver 180

Calgary 181

Quebec City 181

Winnipeg 182

Exercises 182

Chapter Four History 184

Part One Discovery by the European 184

Part Two Colony of Britain 184

Part Three Autonomous Government and the Commonwealth of Nations 185

Part Four Independence 185

Part Five Present Canada 186

Part Six Foreign Relations 186

Exercises 187

VOLUME FIVE NEW ZEALAND 191

Chapter One Geography and Population 191

Part One Geographical Features 191

Part Two Climate 192

Part Three Biodiversity 192

Part Four The People 193

Part Five Culture 193

Part Six Education 194

Primary and Secondary Education 194

Higher Education 194

Exercises 195

Chapter Two Government and Politics 197

Part One Political System 197

Part Two Government 197

Part Three Parliament 197

Part Four Election System 198

Part Five The Judiciary 198

Exercises 198

Chapter Three Economy 200

Part One Structure of Economy 200

Part Two Export and Import Products 201

Agriculture 201

Industry 202

Energy 202

Exercises 202

Chapter Four History 204

Part One The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 204

Part Two The Independence of New Zealand 204

Part Three Post-war New Zealand 205

Part Four Foreign Relations 205

Exercises 206

VOLUME SIX THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND 209

Chapter One Geography and Population 209

Part One Geographical Features 209

Part Two Climate 209

Part Three Population and Language 210

Part Four Culture 210

Religion 210

Part Five Education 211

Exercises 211

Chapter Two Government and Politics 213

Part One Constitution 213

Part Two Political System 213

The Executive 213

The Legislative 213

The Judiciary 214

Part Three Parties 214

Exercises 214

Chapter Three Economy 216

Exercises 217

Chapter Four History 218

Exercises 219

Appendix 1 : Key to the Exercises 221

Appendix 2 : Supplementary Materials for Reference 243

1．英国历代国王、女王世系表 243

2．英国历届首相一览表 245

3．美国主要地名表 247

4．美国历届总统一览表 249