数字系统设计入门教程-集成方法 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Concepts in Digital Systems 1

1．1 What Is a Digital System? 1

1．2 Views of a Digital System 2

1．2．1 Hierarchies 2

1．2．2 The Personal Computer 3

1．3 Introduction to Binary Numbers 4

1．4 Data Representations 6

1．5 Binary and Decimal Numbers 8

1．5．1 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 8

1．5．2 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 10

1．5．3 Fractions 12

1．5．4 Hexadecimal Numbers 14

1．6 Cells and Hierarchy 15

1．7 System Primitives 19

1．8 Metrics 22

1．9 Hierarchical Plan for the Book 23

1．10 Problems 26

Chapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gartes 29

2．1 Data Representation and Processing 29

2．2 Basic Logic Operations 31

2．2．1 The NOT Operation 31

2．2．2 The OR Gate 32

2．2．3 The AND Gate 33

2．3 Basic Identities 35

2．3．1 NOT Identity 35

2．3．2 OR Identities 35

2．3．3 AND Identities 36

2．4 Algebraic Laws 37

2．4．1 Commutative Laws 37

2．4．2 Associative Laws 37

2．4．3 Distributive Laws 38

2．5 NOR and NAND Gates 39

2．5．1 DeMorgan Theorems 41

2．6 Useful Boolean Identities 43

2．7Algebraic Reductions 44

2．8 Complete Logic Sets 47

2．8．1 NAND-Based Logic 48

2．8．2 NOR-Based Logic 48

2．9 IEEE Logic Gate Symbols 49

2．10 Problems 50

Chapter 3 Combinational Logic Design 57

3．1 Specifying the Problem 57

3．2 Canonical Logic Forms 59

3．2．1 Sum-of -Products（SOP） Form 59

3．2．2 Product-of-Sums（POS）Form 60

3．3 Extracting Canonical Forms 61

3．3．1 Minterms and Maxterms 63

3．3．2 Properties of SOP and POS Forms 65

3．4The Exclusive-OR and Equivalence Operations 66

3．5 Logic Arrays 68

3．5．1 AND and OR Arrays 69

3．5．2 SOP and POS Arrays 71

3．5．3 Application of Logic Arrays 75

3．6 BCD and 7-Segment Displays 76

3．7 Karnaugh Maps 80

3．7．1 2-Variable Karnaugh Maps 81

3．8 3-Variable Karnaugh Maps 84

3．8．1“Don t Care”Conditions 88

3．8．2 Alternative 3-Variable Map Layout 89

3．9 4-Variable Karnaugh Maps 89

3．10 The Role of the Logic Designer 93

3．11 Problems 94

Chapter 4 Digital Hardware 101

4．1 Voltages as Logic Variables 101

4．1．1 Logic Levels 103

4．2 Digital Integrated Circuits 104

4．2．1 Integration Levels 108

4．3 Logic Delay Times 109

4．3．1 Output Switching Times 110

4．3．2 The Propagation Delay 111

4．3．3 Fan-Out and Fan-In 112

4．3．4 Extension to Other Logic Gates 115

4．3．5 Logic Cascades 116

4．4 Basic Electric Circuits 119

4．4．1 Resistance 120

4．4．2 Capacitance 122

4．4．3 The RC Circuit 123

4．4．4 Application to Digital Circuits 128

4．5 Transmission Lines 128

4．5．1 Crosstalk 130

4．5．2 Electromagnetic Interference 131

4．6 Logic Families 132

4．6．2 TTL Integrated Circuits 133

4．6．1 CMOS 133

4．6．3 Emitter-Coupled Logic（ECL） 134

4．7 The Hardware Designer 135

4．8 Problems 135

Chapter 5 First Concepts in VHDL 143

5．1 Introduction 143

5．1．1 Basic Concepts 144

5．1．2 Using a Hardware Description Language 145

5．2 Defining Modules in VHDL 145

5．2．1 Concurrent Operations 152

5．2．2 Identifiers 155

5．2．3 Propagation Delay 156

5．3 Structural Modeling 158

5．4 Conditional Models 163

5．5 Binary Words 167

5．6 Libraries 169

5．7 Learning VHDL 171

5．8 Problems 172

Chapter 6 CMOS Logic Circuits 177

6．1 CMOS Electronics 177

6．2 Electronic Logic Gates 178

6．3 MOSFETs 179

6．4The NOT Function in CMOS 183

6．4．1 Complementary Pairs 185

6．4．2 The CMOS Inverter 186

6．5 Logic Formation Using MOSFETs 187

6．5．1 The NOR Gate 190

6．5．2 The NAND Gate 192

6．5．3 The CMOS-Logic Connection 193

6．6 Complex Logic Gates in CMOS 195

6．6．1 3-Input Logic Gates 196

6．6．2 A General 4-Input Gate 199

6．6．3 Logic Cascades 201

6．7 MOSFET Logic Formalism 202

6．7．1 FET Logic Descriptions 203

6．7．2 Voltage Transmission Characteristics 204

6．7．3 The Complementary Principle 206

6．7．4 Current Switching 208

6．7．5 Fiber-Optic Transmission Networks 210

6．8 Problems 212

Chapter 7 Silicon Chips and VLSI 219

7．1 What Is VISI Engineering? 219

7．1．1 Inside a Computer Chip 220

7．1．2 A Silicon Primer 220

7．1．3 The pn Junction 224

7．1．4 Silicon Devices 225

7．2 Lithography and Patterning 226

7．2．1 The Importance of Physical Layout 229

7．3 MOSFETs 230

7．3．1 MOSFET Switching 232

7．3．2 pFETs 237

7．3．3 MOSFET Design Rules 240

7．3．4 The Incredible Shrinking Transistor 241

7．4 Basic Circuit Layout 244

7．4．1 The CMOS Inverter 245

7．4．2 Electrical Modeling 246

7．5 MOSFET Arrays and AOI Gates 254

7．5．1 Wiring Strategies 254

7．5．2 NAND and NOR Layout 256

7．5．3 Complex Logic Gates 257

7．5．4 General Observations 258

7．6 Cells,Libraries,and Hierarchical Design 259

7．6．1 Creation of a Cell Library 260

7．6．2 Cell Placement 262

7．6．3 System Hierarchies 262

7．7 Floorplans and Interconnect Wiring 264

7．7．1 Interconnects 266

7．7．2 Wiring Delays 268

7．8 Problems 270

Chapter 8 Logic Components 275

8．1 Concept of a Digital Component 275

8．2 An Equality Detector 276

8．3 BCD Validity Detector 278

8．4 Line Decoders 280

8．5 Multiplexors 283

8．5．1 Multiplexors as Logic Elements 286

8．5．2 VHDL Description 288

8．6 Demultiplexors 289

8．6．1 VHDL Description 290

8．6．2 Multiplexed Transmission System 291

8．7 Binary Adders 292

8．7．1 The Full-Adder 293

8．7．3 Adder Cricuits 294

8．7．2 Half-Adders 294

8．7．4 VHDL Descriptions 296

8．7．5 Parallel Adders 298

8．7．6 CMOS Adder Circuits 300

8．8 Subtraction 301

8．8．1 Subtractor Logic Circuits 307

8．8．2 Negative Numbers 308

8．9 Multiplication 311

8．10 Transmission Gate Logic 314

8．10．1 Transmission Gate Multiplexors 315

8．10．2 TG XOR and XNOR Gates 317

8．10．3 CMOS Transmission Gates 318

8．11 Summary 319

8．12 Problems 320

Chapter 9 Memory Elements and Arrays 327

9．1 General Properties 327

9．2．1 The SR Latch 328

9．2 Latches 328

9．2．2 D Latch 331

9．3 Clocks and Synchronization 332

9．3．1 Clocked SR Latch 333

9．3．2 The D Latch 334

9．4 Master-Slave and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 334

9．4．1 A Master-Slave D-Type Flip-Flop 335

9．4．2 Other Types of Flip-Flops 341

9．5 Registers 343

9．5．1 Basic Storage Register 343

9．5．2 Shift Registers 344

9．6 Random-Access Memory（RAM） 348

9．6．1 Static RAM Cell 348

9．6．2 SRAM Array 350

9．6．3 Dynamic RAM 353

9．6．4 Parity and Error-Detection Codes 354

9．8 CD ROM 356

9．7 Read-Only Memory（ROM） 356

9．9 CMOS Memories 362

9．9．1 CMOS SRAMs 362

9．9．2 Dynamic RAM 363

9．9．3 ROMs 366

9．10 Transmission-Gate Circuits 367

9．10．1 Basic Latch 367

9．10．2 TG Flip-Flop 369

9．11 Problems 370

Chapter 10 Sequential Logic Networks 375

10．1 The Concept of a Sequential Network 375

10．1．1 Sequential Network Requirements 377

10．1．2 A General Sequential Network 379

10．2 Analysis of Sequential Networks 380

10．2．1 Single-State Variable Circuits 381

10．2．2 Multi-State Variable Networks 386

10．3 Sequential Network Design 389

10．2．3 General Characteristics 389

10．4 Binary Counters 391

10．5 The Importance of State Machines 397

10．6 Problems 397

Chapter 11 Computer Basics 403

11．1 An Overview of Computer Operations 403

11．1．1 Major Components of a Computer 404

11．1．2 What Can a Computer Do? 405

11．1．3 The von Neumann Model 405

11．1．4 Programming 407

11．1．5 Computer Registers 409

11．2 The Central Processor Unit:A First Look 409

11．2．1 The Instruction Fetch Network 410

11．2．2 Concept of the Datapath 412

11．2．3 Datapath Operations 413

11．3 Datapath Components 415

11．3．1 The Register File 416

11．3．2 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 418

11．3．3 The Local Memory 423

11．4 Instructions and the Datapath 423

11．5 The Control Uint 431

11．6 CISC and RISC Architectures 435

11．6．1 CISC and Microprogramming 436

11．6．2 RISC Machines 437

11．6．3 Modern Computers 440

11．7 Floating-Point Operations 440

11．7．1 Arithmetic Operations 442

11．7．2 Application to Computers 443

11．8 VLSI Aspects of Computer Design 444

11．9 Problems 446

Chapter 12 Advanced Computer Concepts 451

12．1 Computing Speed 451

12．2 Pipelining 452

12．2．1 Data Hazards 457

12．2．2 Resolving Hazards 460

12．3Cache Memory 461

12．3．1 VLSI Aspects of Cache Memory 464

12．4 Superscalar Architectures 468

12．5 Basic Concepts of Parallel Computing 470

12．5．1 Classifications of Parallel Machines 473

12．5．2 Examples of Parallel Computations 475

12．5．3 General Architectures 479

12．5．4 General Design Variables 481

12．5．5 Interconnection Networks 482

12．5．6 The Challenge of Parallel Computing 484

12．5．7 Optical Interconnects 484

12．6 Problems 486

12．7 References 489

Epilog 491

Index 493