CCNP Routing 2.0学习指南 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 IP Routing Fundamentals 1

1 IP Routing Fundamentals 1

Routing Protocols and Their Placement in the IP Stack 2

Routing Information Protocol 5

About the Contributors 5

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 6

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 8

Acknowledgments 9

Open Shortest Path First Protocol 9

Exercise 1-1: Routing Protocols 11

Border Gateway Protocol 13

What Is Routing? 15

Key Information for Routers to Route Data 15

Requirements for IP Routing 20

Exercise 1-2: Making IP Routing Work 22

The Two Major Functions of Routing 22

Comparing Distance-Vector Protocols to Link-State Routing Protocols 23

Classful vs. Classless Routing 24

Preface 27

Distance-Vector Routing Protocol Characteristics 29

Introduction 31

Exercise 1-3: Configuring IGRP 33

Link-State Routing Protocol Characteristics 33

Convergence Issues for IP Routing Protocols 35

Two-Minute Drill 38

Q A SelfTest 40

Lab Question 44

SelfTest Answers 45

Lab Answer 47

2 IP Addressing Issues 49

2 IP Addressing Issues 49

Requests for Comments Dealing with IP Addressing Issues 50

RFC 950: IP Subnet Masking 50

RFC 1518: Route Summarization 51

RFCs 1519 and 2050: Classless Interdomain Routing 51

RFC 1631: Network Address Translation 51

RFC 1812: Variable-Length Subnet Masks 51

RFC 1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets 51

IP Address Classes 52

IP Addressing 52

RFC 1918: Private Address Space 54

Subnetting Overview 54

Issues with IP Addressing 60

IP Addressing Choices 62

Exercise 2-1: Subnetting 66

Maximizing IP Address Space Using Variable-Length Subnet Masking 67

Review of Complex Subnetting 68

Variable-Length Subnet Masking 71

Exercise 2-2: Applying VLSM 74

Route Summarization 74

What Is Route Summarization? 74

Considerations for Summarization 76

Rules for Summarization 77

Route Summarization Walkthrough 80

Classless Interdomain Routing 81

CIDR Walkthrough 82

Exercise 2-3: Summarizing 192.168.1.0through 192.168.10.0 83

Exercise 2-4: Creating a CIDR Block 84

Related IP Addressing Commands 85

The IP UNNUMBERED Command 85

The IP HELPER-ADDRESS Command 86

Exercise 2-5: Using the IP HELPER-ADDRESS and IP FORWARD-PROTOCOL Commands to Forward Broadcasts for DNS 90

Two-Minute Drill 93

Q A Self Test 96

Lab Question 101

SelfTest Answers 102

Lab Answer 105

3 OSPF Operation and Configuration for a Single OSPF Area 107

Introduction to OSPF 107

3 OSPF Operation and Configuration for a Single OSPF Area 107

Benefits of OSPF in Comparison to DV Protocols 110

Scalability 110

Flexibility 110

Summarized Advertisements 110

VLSM 111

Incremental Routing Updates 111

Faster Routing Convergence 111

Exercise 3-1: OSPF Benefits 112

Other Benefits 112

Decision Making 112

The Complete Picture 113

How OSPF Discovers, Chooses, and Maintains Routes 113

OSPF Concepts 113

Exercise 3-2: OSPF Timers 115

OSPF Neighbor Relationships 117

Building an OSPF Neighbor Relationship 117

Elements That Must Match for a Neighbor Relationship to Happen 121

OSPF States in Building a Neighbor Relationship 124

OSPF Packet Types 125

LSA Types 129

Shortest Path First Algorithm and Route Selection 134

OSPF LSA Propagation 136

Walk-Through of an LSA Through a Designated Router 141

The OSPF Decision Tree When Receiving an LSA 144

Configuring OSPF in a Single Area 145

The ROUTER OSPF Command 145

The NETWORK Command and the Wildcard Mask 146

OSPF Selection of a Router ID 148

Exercise 3-3: Adding Networks to the OSPF Process 148

Trade-offs and the Loopback Address 149

The OSPF COST INTERFACE Command 149

Monitoring and Verifying OSPF Operations 151

The SHOW IP PROTOCOLS Command 151

The SHOW IP ROUTE Command 151

The SHOW IP OSPF INTERFACE Command 152

The SHOW IP OSPF Command 153

The SHOW IP OSPF NEIGHBOR Command 153

The SHOW IP OSPF NEIGHBOR DETAIL Command 154

The DEBUG IP OSPF ADJ Command 154

Exercise 3-4: Listing the Contents of OSPF Databases 155

Two-Minute Drill 157

Q A SelfTest 159

Lab Question 164

SelfTest Answers 165

Lab Answer 168

4 OSPF Behavior and Configuration for Wide Area Networks 171

4 OSPF Behavior and Configuration for Wide Area Networks 171

OSPF Behavior Over a WAN Link 172

OSPF Behavior on an HDLC or PPP Link 173

Exercise 4-1: Basic OSPF Configuration(Single Area) 176

OSPF Configuration and Behavior on a X.25 Link 177

OSPF Configuration and Behavior on Broadcast Networks 178

Topology Choices for an NBMA Network--Specifically, Frame Relay 182

Frame Relay and OSPF 185

OSPF Network Types and NBMA Networks 186

Frame Relay Logical Interfaces vs. Physical Interfaces 192

DR Elections Over NBMA Networks 193

Standard-Based(RFC-Based)Implementation and Operation of OSPF for an NBMA Network 194

The Nonbroadcast Multiaccess Command Option 195

The Point-to-Multipoint Command Option 196

Exercise 4-2: Point-to-Multipoint Networks and OSPF 199

Cisco Proprietary Modes of Implementation and Operation of OSPF for an NBMA Network 200

The NEIGHBOR Command 200

The POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NONBROADCAST Command 201

The BROADCAST Command 202

The POINT-TO-POINT Command 205

Exercise 4-3: A Point-to-Multipoint Network Without Broadcast Capabilities 207

Two-Minute Drill 210

Q A SelfTest 212

Lab Question 217

SelfTest Answers 219

Lab Answer 222

5 OSPF Operations in a Multiarea Network 225

5 OSPF Operations in a Multiarea Network 225

Scalability Issues with a Single-Area OSPF Network 226

Exercise 5-1: Using a Multiarea Design to Control LSA Traffic 227

Differentiating Among the Types of Areas, Routers, and LSAs in an OSPF Network 228

Functional Descriptions of Routers in an OSPF Network 228

Types of OSPF Link-State Advertisements 230

Types of OSPF Areas 235

LSA Propagation Across a Standard-Area OSPF Network 239

LSA Propagation Across a Stub Area and Standard-Area OSPF Network 240

LSA Propagation Across a Totally Stubby Area and Standard, Area OSPF Network 242

Benefits of OSPF Summarization 243

Exercise 5-2: Troubleshooting Poor Backbone Performance 244

Configuring a Multiarea OSPF Network 245

The OSPF NETWORK Statement 245

The OSPF STUB Command 246

The OSPF ABR SUMMARIZATION Command 247

The OSPF ASBR SUMMARY-ADDRESS Command 248

OSPF Virtual Link 248

Exercise 5-3: Troubleshooting the NETWORK Command 250

Monitoring and Verifying OSPF Operations 250

Exercise 5-4: Troubleshooting Virtual Links 256

Two-Minute Drill 257

Q A SelfTest 259

Lab Question 263

SelfTest Answers 265

Lab Answer 268

6 EIGRP Operations and Configuration 271

6 EIGRP Operations and Configuration 271

Enhanced IGRP Features and Operations 273

EIGRP and Its Major Features 274

Benefits of EIGRP in Comparison to Other IP Routing Protocols 275

EIGRP Terminology 279

Building EIGRP Neighbor Relationships 280

EIGRP Packet Types 283

The Neighbor Table 285

EIGRP Reliability 286

Initial Exchange of Packets 288

EIGRP Route Selection and Metric Calculation 290

Exercise 6-1: EIGRP Metric Calculation 293

The Diffusing Update Algorithm 294

The DUAL Algorithm 295

Feasible Distance 297

Advertised Distance 297

Feasibility Condition 297

Loop Avoidance 297

Exercise 6-2: A DUAL Scenario 298

Basic EIGRP Configuration 300

The ROUTER EIGRP Command 301

The NETWORK Statement 302

Exercise 6-3: Basic EIGRP Configuration 304

Monitoring and Verifying EIGRP Operations 309

Show IP Protocols Command 309

Show IP Route Command 310

SHOW IP EIGRP TOPOLOGY Command 312

SHOW IP EIGRP NEIGHBORS Command 312

The SHOW IP EIGRP EVENTS Command 313

SHOW IP EIGRP TRAFFIC Command 313

The SHOW IP EIGRP INTERFACE Command 314

The DEBUG EIGRP PACKET Command 315

The DEBUG EIGRP FSM Command 316

The DEBUG EIGRP NEIGHBOR Command 316

Exercise 6-4: Troubleshooting EIGRP Operation 317

Two-Minute Drill 322

Q A SelfTest 324

Lab Question 329

SelfTest Answers 331

Lab Answer 335

7 Advanced EIGRP Behavior and Configuration 339

7 Advanced EIGRP Behavior and Configuration 339

Considerations for a Large-Scale Network Using EIGRP 340

Using the Proper Bandwidth for the WAN Interfaces 341

Exercise 7-1: How Metrics Dictate Traffic Paths Using Eigrp 341

Good Addressing 343

Hierarchical Network Design 343

Sufficient Memory on the Router 344

Sufficient Bandwidth on WAN Interfaces to Handle Update Traffic 345

Limiting the Update and Query Range 345

EIGRP IP Address Summarization 346

Disabling Automatic Summarization 347

EIGRP Manual Summarization 347

EIGRP Load Balancing 350

Exercise 7-2: Load Balancing Unequal CIR (Committed Information Rate) 352

EIGRP WAN Optimization 353

Using Bandwidth Statement 353

Limiting the Percentage of Bandwidth EIGRP Uses 355

Point-to-Point Subinterfaces with CIR Per Subinterface 356

Multipoint Circuit with Equal CIR Per Neighbor 356

Multipoint Circuit with Unequal CIR Per Neighbor(Not Recommended) 356

Multipoint Circuit with Unequal CIR Per Neighbor (Recommended) 357

Exercise 7-3: Configuring Frame Relay 357

EIGRP Query Issues 359

The EIGRP Query Process 359

Limiting the Scope of Updates and Query Propagation 362

Two-Minute Drill 365

Q A SelfTest 367

Lab Question 371

SelfTest Answers 372

Lab Answer 375

8 BGP Basic Operations and Configuration 377

8 BGP Basic Operations and Configuration 377

When It Is Appropriate to Use BGP 379

Alternatives to BGP 379

When It Is Not Appropriate to Use BGP 381

Static and Default Routes 383

Exercise 8-1: Reasons for Using and Not Using BGP, and Using a Default Route with BGP 388

Understanding the Border Gateway Protocol 389

What Is an Exterior Routing Protocol? 389

Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 and How It Differs from Its Predecessors 391

An Autonomous System in Relation to BGP 394

The Internet and Routing 396

BGP Terminology and Characteristics 396

BGP Peering 399

What Is a BGP Attribute? 399

BGP Attributes 401

BGP Synchronization 406

BGP Message Types 408

BGP Route Selection Process 414

Exercise 8-2: Identifying Message Formats and Purposes 415

Configuring Basic BGP 417

The ROUTER BGP AUTONOMOUS-SYSTEM Command 417

The NETWORK Statement Under Router BGP 418

The NEIGHBOR Command 419

BGP Basic Configuration 421

The NEIGHBOR NEXT-HOP-SELF Command 421

The NO SYNCHRONIZATION Command 423

The AGGREGATE ADDRESS Command 424

The CLEAR IP BGP Command 427

Exercise 8-3: Resetting Peer Connections 429

BGP Configuration 429

Monitoring BGP Operations 431

The SHOW IP PROTOCOLS Command 431

The SHOW IP ROUTE Command 432

The SHOW IP BGP NEIGHBORS Command 432

The SHOW IP BGP Command 434

The SHOW IP BGP SUMMARY Command 435

The DEBUG IP BGP UPDATES Command 436

Exercise 8-4: Monitoring BGP 439

Two-Minute Drill 441

Q A SelfTest 443

Lab Question 448

SelfTest Answers 450

Lab Answer 453

9 BGP Scalability Issues 459

9 BGP Scalability Issues 459

Scalability Issues and Solutions with iBGP 461

Peering with iBGP Neighbors 461

Contrasting iBGP Behavior to an IGP Method of Propagating Changes 464

Scalability Issues with iBGP Neighbors 465

Route Reflectors as a Scalability Solution 467

Route Reflector Terminology 469

Route Reflector Design and Migration Tips 470

Route Reflector Operations 474

Route Reflector Configuration 476

Exercise 9-1: Route Reflector Redundancy 478

Verifying Route Reflectors 479

Policy Control 481

Defining Prefix Lists 482

Benefits of Prefix Lists 482

Prefix List Operations 483

Configuring Prefix Lists 484

Prefix List Example 487

Exercise 9-2: Prefix List Configuration 487

Verifying Prefix Lists 489

Multihoming 490

Types of Multihoming 490

Default Routes from All Providers 491

Full BGP Table from All Providers 493

Limited BGP Table and Default Route from Each Provider 493

BGP Metric Commands 497

Exercise 9-3: Combining Multihoming Methods 498

A Multihoming BGP Configuration Example 498

Redistribution with IGPs 499

Notifying BGP of Which Networks to Advertise 500

Using the NETWORK Command 501

Redistributing Static Routes into BGP 501

Redistributing Dynamic Routing Protocols into BGP 502

Redistribution of BGP into a Local Routing Protocol 503

Exercise 9-4: Redistribution of BGP into IGP 503

ISP Policy on Redistribution 504

End Autonomous Systems Policy on Redistribution 504

Two-Minute Drill 506

Q A SelfTest 508

Lab Question 512

SelfTest Answers 514

Lab Answer 516

10 Route Filtering and Redistribution 519

10 Route Filtering and Redistribution 519

Selecting and Configuring Ways to Control Route Update Traffic 521

When to Use Redistribution 523

Redistribution Considerations 524

Exercise 10-1: The Case of the Missing Routes 532

Configuring Route Redistribution with a Single Redistribution Gateway 534

Selecting the Core and Edge Routing Protocols 534

Configuring Redistribution into RIP 541

Configuring Redistribution into OSPF 543

Configuring Redistribution into EIGRP 545

EIGRP and OSPF Redistribution Example 546

Configuring the DEFAULT-METRIC Command 546

Configuring the PASSIVE-INTERFACE Command 548

Configuring Static Routes 549

Exercise 10-2: The Correct Filter 557

Configuring Route Redistribution with Multiple Redistribution Gateways 558

Resolving Path Selection Problems Resulting from Redistribution 559

Solutions for Path Selection Problems 560

Using Route Riltering 561

Using Administrative Distance 564

Exercise 10-3: To Loop or Not to Loop? 566

Verifying Route Redistribution 569

The SHOW IP ROUTE Command 569

The TRACEROUTE Command 570

Exercise 10-4: Selective Route Display 570

Two-Minute Drill 575

Q A SelfTest 577

Lab Question 582

SelfTest Answers 583

Lab Answer 586

11 Policy-Based Routing and Route Maps 587

11 Policy-Based Routing and Route Maps 587

Understanding Policy-Based Routing 588

Defining Policy-Based Routing 590

Reasons to Use Policy-Based Routing 592

Types of Policy-Based Routing 593

Exercise 11-1: Creating a Policy Route to Force the Next-Hop Address 595

Defining Route Maps 596

Operations of Route Maps 596

Comparison Between Route Maps and Access Lists 600

Exercise 11-2: Setting the Default Next-Hop IP Address with a Policy Route 601

Creating a Route-Map Command 602

Configuring Route Maps 602

Linking a Route Map to an Interface 606

Conclusion 607

Exercise 11-3: Using IP Policy Routing to Assign a Physical Interface as a Default Gateway 609

Verifying Route Maps 610

The SHOW IP POLICY Command 611

The SHOW ROUTE-MAP Command 611

Exercise 11-4: Using the SHOW IP POLICY and SHOW ROUTE-MAP Commands 612

Two-Minute Drill 614

Q A SelfTest 616

Lab Question 620

SelfTest Answers 621

Lab Answer 624

A About the CD 625

A About the CD 625

CertTrainer 626

System Requirements 626

ExamSim 626

Installing CertTrainer 626

E-Book 628

Saving Scores as Cookies 628

DriveTime 628

Upgrading 629

Help 629

Glossary 631

Glossary 631

Index 703

Index 703