光纤通信技术 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter1 Introduction to Telecommunications and Fiber Optlcs 1

1.1 Telecommunications 1

What It Is 1

Telecommunications：Point-to-Point Systems and Networks 2

Information-Carrying Capacity 3

The Need for Fiber-Optic Communications Systems 5

1.2 A Fiber-Optic Communications System：The Basic Blocks 6

Basic Block Diagram 7

Historical Notes 13

1.3 A Look Back and a Glance Ahead 13

The Role of Fiber-Optic Communications Technology 13

The Industry Today and Future Trends 19

Developments to Watch 25

Problems 26

References 27

Chapter2 Physlcs of Light：A Brlef Overview 28

2.1 Electromagnetic Waves 28

2.2 Beams (Rays) 30

Refractive Index 30

A Photon 36

An Energy-Level Diagram 36

2.3 A Stream of Photons 36

Radiation and Absorption 37

Summary 40

Problems 41

References 41

Chapter3 Optical Fibers--Basics 42

3.1 How Optical Fibers Conduct Light 42

Step-Index Fiber：The Basic Structure 42

Launching the Light：Understanding Numerical Aperture. 46

3.2 Attenuation 49

Bending Losses 50

Scattering 52

Absorption 53

Calculations of Total Attenuation 54

Measuring Attenuation 56

3.3 Intermodal and Chromatic Dispersion 57

Modes 57

Modal (Intermodal) Dispersion 60

The First Solution to the Modal-Dispersion Problem-Graded-Index Fiber 63

A Better Solution the Modal-Dispersion Problem-Singlemode Fiber 65

Chromatioc Dispersion 66

Bit Rate and Bandwidth Defined 69

3.4 Bit Rate and Bandwidth 69

Dispersion and Bit Rate 70

3.5 Reading a Data Sheet 71

Where to Begin 72

General Section 72

Optical Characteristics Section 72

Geometric Characteristics Section 75

Environmental Specifications Section 76

Conclusion 77

Mechanical Specifications Section 77

Other Characteristics 77

Summary 79

Problems 80

References 82

Chapter4 Optical Fibers-A Deeper Look 83

4.1 Maxwell s Equations 83

Set of Maxwell s Equations 83

Interpretation of Maxwell s Equations 85

Wave Equations 87

Solving Wave Equations 89

4.2 Propagation of EM Waves 90

Wave Equations for a Time-Harmonic EM Field 90

EM Waves：Propagation in a Lossy Medium 91

EM Waves：Propagation in waveguides 93

4.3 More About Total Internal Reflection 97

Boundary Conditions 97

Refiectances 99

4.4 More About Modes 101

Some Words About Mode Theory and Important Results 101

Linear-Polarized (LP) Modes 102

Three Types of Modes： Guided, Radiation ,and Leaky 107

Phase and Group Velocities 107

Power Confinement 109

Cutoff Wavelength (Frequency) 110

Computer Simulation 114

4.5 Attenuation in Multimode Fibers 114

General Approach 115

Intrinsic Losses 116

Extrinsic Losses-Absorption 117

Extrinsic Losses-Bending Losses 118

Modes, Attenuation, and Attenuation Constant 120

General Comments 122

4.6 Dispetsion in Multimode Fibers 122

Intermodal (Modal) Dispersion-A Closer Look 125

Chromatic Dispersion-Material Dispersion 126

Waveguied Dispersion 132

Bandwidth of Multimode Fibers 132

Summary 135

Problems 136

References 137

The Principle of Action 139

Chapter5 Singiemode Fibers-Basics 139

5.1 How a Singlemode Fiber Works 139

Gaussian Beam 140

Core, Cladding,and Mode-Fieid Diameter(MFD) 142

Cutoff Wavelength 143

5.2 Attenuation 144

Bending Losses 144

Scattering 146

Absorption 146

Chromatic Dispersion 147

5.3 Dispersion and Bandwidth 147

Conventional, Dispersion-Shifted, and Dispersion-Flattened Fibers 153

Polarization-Mode Dispersion(PMD) 155

Bandwidth (Bit Rate) of a singlemode Fiber 158

Reading a Data Sheet 160

General Section 160

Specifications Section 160

Summary 165

Problems 166

References 167

Gaussian Model and Real Mode-Field Distribution 168

Chapter6 Singlemode Fibers-A Deeper Look 168

6.1 Mode Field 168

Curoff Wavelength and V-number 171

6.2 More About Attenuation in a Singlemode Fiber 172

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Losses 173

6.3 Coping with Dispersion in a Singlemode Fiber 178

Chromatic Dispersion 178

Coping with Chromatic Dispersion 180

Compensation for Chromatic Dispersion with Dispersion-Compensating Fiber 181

Dispersion-Compensating Gratings (DCG) 185

Dispersion Compensation：The System Viewpoint 187

Coping With PMD 188

Polarization-Dependent Loss (PDL) 194

Brief Summary 195

6.4 Nonlinear Effects in a Singlemode Fiber 195

Nonlinear Refractive Effects 195

Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 200

Stimulated Scattering 202

6.5 Trends in Fiber Design 204

Summary 206

Problems 207

References 208

Chapter7 Fabrication, Cabling, and Installation 210

7.1 Fabrication 210

Two Major Stages 211

Vapor-Phase Deposition Methods 213

Coating 218

7.2 Fiber-Optic Cables 220

Cables 220

Reading Data Sheets 242

Installation Procedure 244

Classification 244

7.3 Installation-Placing the Cable 244

Summary 246

Problems 246

References 247

Chapter8 Fiber Cable Connectorization and Testing 248

8.1 Splicing 248

Connection Losses 248

Splicing Procedure 252

Conclusion 257

8.2 Connectors 257

Connectors-A Basic Structure 258

Major Characteristics 259

Connector Styles-Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 261

Standards 265

Reading Data Sheets 266

Termination Process 266

Receptacles, Adapters, and Special Connectors 267

Tests and Measurements 267

8.3 Installation Hardware 270

Why Installation Hardware 270

Hardware Systems and Components 272

8.4 Design of Local-Area-Network Installation 283

Conclusion 283

Link Consideration-Power Budget and Rise-Time Budget (Bandwidth) 284

Local Area Network-General Considerations 288

Cabling of Local Area Networks 291

Basic Recommendations 293

Plastic (Polymer) Optical Fiber (POF) 295

8.5 Testing, Troubleshooting, and Measurement 296

Test Equipment 296

What We Need to Test 304

Testing Network Attenuation 304

Connector and Splice Testing 307

Testing Network Bandwidth 307

Trobleshooting 310

Summary 310

Problems 311

References 312

Chapter9 Light Sources and Transmitters-Basics 313

9.1 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 313

Light Radiation by a Semiconductor 314

General Considerations 318

9.2 Laser Diodes (LDs) 322

Reading Data Sheets-Characteristics of LEDs 324

Prainciple of Action 333

Superluminescent Diodes (SLDs) 347

9.3 Reading Data Sheets-The Characteristics of Laser Diodes 347

Broad-Area Laser Diodes 347

Reading the Data Sheet of a DEB Laser Diode 354

Summary 359

Problems 360

References 364

Intrinsic Semiconductors：Fermi Energy and Number of Charge Carriers 365

10.1 More About Semiconductors 365

Chapter10 Light Sources and Transmitters-A Deeper Look 365

Doped Semiconductors 368

p-n Junction 369

Biasing 371

A Closer Look at the Bandgaps 372

10.2 Efficiency of a Laser Diode 375

Input-Output Relationship 375

Three Types of Efficiency 377

More About the Efficiency of Laser-Diode Operation 381

Threshold and Operating Currents 386

10.3 Characteristics of Laser Diodes 386

Radiating Wavelength and Spectral Width 388

Radiation Patterns 390

Laser Modulation 393

Chirp 398

Noise 399

10.4 Transmitter Modules 400

Functional Block Diagram and Typical Circuits of a Transmitter 401

Packaging and Reliability 410

Reading the Transmitter s Data Sheet 413

External Modulators 416

Summary 428

Problems 428

References 433

Chapter11 Receivers 434

11.1 Photodiodes 434

P-n Photodiodes：How They Work 434

Power Relationship 437

Bandwidth 442

P-i-n Photodiodes 445

Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) 447

MSM Photodetectors 450

11.2 Reading the Data Sheets of Photodiodes 451

Data Sheet of a p-I-n Photodiode 451

Data Sheet of an Avalanche Photodiode 458

Silicon Photodiodes 459

Conclusion 459

11.3 More About Photodetectors 460

Noise Sources in a Photodiode 460

Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Noise-Equivalent Power 465

Sensitivity and Quantum Limit 470

Functonal Block Diagram and Tyical Circuits of a Receiver 476

11.4 Receiver Units 476

Decision-Circuit Design 482

Reading a Receiver s Data Sheet 487

Opto-Electronic IC (OEIC) 490

Summary 491

Problems 493

References 497

Chapter12 Components of Fiber-Optic Networks 499

12.1 Fiber-Optic Networks：An Overview 499

Point-to-Point Links 499

Networks 501

Transmitters 511

12.1 Transceivers for Fiber-OPtic Networks 511

Receivers 520

12.3 Semiconductor OPtical Amplifiers 523

Optical Amplifiers：General Considerations 524

Principle of Operation of a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) 526

Gain of an SOA 526

Bandwidth of an SOA 532

Crosstalk 534

Polarization-Dependent Gain 536

Noise 536

Reading The Data Sheet of an SOA 540

SOA Applications 541

SOAs：Advantages and Drawbacks 541

12.4 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) 542

How Amplification Occurs 542

C-Band and L-Band 545

Gain and Noise in an Erbium-Doped Fiber 545

Components of an EDFA Module 551

Reading an EDFA Data Sheet 569

Other Types of Optical Fiber Amplifiers 577

Summary 579

Problems 581

References 584

Chapter13 Passive Components, Switches, and Functional Modules of Fiber-Optic Networks 586

13.1 Couplers/Splitters 586

Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) Couplers-Their Principle of Operation 586

Reading a Data Sheet 588

FBT Couplers：How to Make a WDM Coupler 597

Phase Mismatch 601

13.2 Wavelenght-Division Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 603

WDM MUX/DEMUX and Couplers 604

WDM MUXs and DEMUXs：How They Work 606

WDM MUX/DEMUX Applications-Add/Duop and Routers 614

13.3 Filers 616

Optical Filters：What They Are 616

Fixed Filters 619

Tunable Filters 622

13.4 Isolators, Circulators, and Attenuators 627

Isolators 627

Circulators 633

Attenuators 634

Optical Switches 637

13.5 Optical Switches and Functional Modules 637

Wavelength Converters 642

Functional Modules 643

Conclusion 646

Summary 647

Problems 648

References 649

Chapter14 An Introduction to Fiber-Optic Networks 651

14.1 The What and How of Data Transmission 652

What to Transmit：Vocice, Video, and Data 652

Telephone Networks 652

Computer Networks 662

14.2 Elements of the Architecture of Fiber-Optic Networks 673

Networks, Protocols, and Services 673

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model 674

SONET Networks and Layers 680

ATM Networks and Layers 683

Layered Architecture of Fiber-Optic Networks 685

Optical Layer 687

14.3 Network Management and the Future of Fiber-OPtic Networks 691

The Functions of Network Management 691

How Network Management Is Implemented 692

Fiber-Opetic-Network Survivability (Protection and Restoration) 694

Cable TV 699

Conclusion：The Future of Fiber-Opti Networks 700

Summary 703

Problems 707

References 709

Chapter15 Conclusion 712

15.1 Bandwidth：The Industry s Holy Grail 712

15.2 Deployment of New Fiber-Optic Lines 713

15.3 Optical Fiber：Problems Galore, Solutions Sought 714

15.4 Fiber-Optic Components 715

15.5 Wavelenght-Division Multiplexing：A Dire Need Met 717

15.6 Networks 717

15.7 Wireless Communications and Fiber-Optic Networks 719

Summing UP 719

References 719

AppendixA List of Constants, Powers of Ten, International System of Units, Deciobel Units, and the Greek Alphabet 721

AppendixB Acronyms, Abbreviations, Symbols, and Units Used in this Book 724

AppendixC A Selected Bibliography 731

AppendixD Products, Services, and Standards 740

Index 743