TCP/IP详解 卷2 实现 英文版PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1.Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Source Code Presentation 1

1.3 History 3

1.4 Application Programming Interfaces 5

1.5 Example Program 5

1.6 System Calls and Library Functions 7

1.7 Network Implementation Overview 9

1.8 Descriptors 10

1.9 Mbufs (Memory Buffers) and Output Processing 15

1.10 Input Processing 19

1.11 Network Implementation Overview Revisited 22

1.12 Interrupt Levels and Concurrency 23

1.13 Source Code Organization 26

1.14 Test Network 28

1.15 Summary 29

Chapter 2.Mbufs:Memory Buffers 31

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Code Introduction 36

2.3 Mbuf Definitions 37

mbuf 38

2.4 mbuf Structure 38

2.5 Simple Mbuf Macros and Functions 40

2.6 m_devget and m_pullup Functions 44

2.7 Summary of Mbuf Macros and Functions 51

2.8 Summary of Net/3 Networking Data Structures 54

2.9 m_copy and Cluster Reference Counts 56

2.10 Alternatives 60

2.11 Summary 60

3.1 Introduction 63

Chapter 3.Interface Layer 63

3.2 Code Introduction 64

3.3 ifnet Structure 65

ifnet 67

ifqueue 71

3.4 ifaddr Structure 73

ifaddr 73

3.5 sockaddr Structure 74

osockaddr 75

sockaddr 75

3.6 ifnet and ifaddr Specialization 76

3.7 Network Initialization Overview 77

pdevinit 78

le_softc 80

Structure Definitions 80

arpcom 80

3.8 Ethernet Initialization 80

3.9 SLIP Initialization 82

sl_softc 83

3.10 Loopback Initialization 85

3.11 if_attach Function 85

sockaddr_dl 87

3.12 ifinit Function 93

3.13 Summary 94

Chapter 4.Interfaces:Ethernet 95

4.1 Introduction 95

4.2 Code Introduction 96

4.3 Ethemet Interface 98

ether_header 102

timeval 106

4.4 ioctl System Call 114

ifreq 117

ifconf 117

4.5 Summary 125

5.2 Code Introduction 127

5.1 Introduction 127

Chapter 5.Interfaces:SLIP and Loopback 127

5.3 SLIP Interface 128

5.4 Loopback Interface 150

5.5 Summary 153

Chapter 6.IP Addressing 155

6.1 Introduction 155

6.2 Code Introduction 158

6.3 Interface and Address Summary 158

in_addr 160

sockaddr_in 160

6.4 sockaddr_in Structure 160

6.5 in_ifaddr Structure 161

6.6 Address Assignment 161

in_ifaddr 161

in_aliasreq 174

6.7 Interface ioctl Processing 177

6.8 Internet Utility Functions 181

6.9 ifnet Utility Functions 182

6.10 Summary 183

7.1 Introduction 185

Chapter 7.Domains and Protocols 185

7.2 Code Introduction 186

7.3 domain Structure 187

domain 187

7.4 protosw Structure 188

protosw 188

7.5 IP domain and protosw Structures 191

7.6 pffindproto and pffindtype Functions 196

7.7 pfctlinput Function 198

7.8 IP Initialization 199

7.9 sysctl System Call 201

7.10 Summary 204

Chapter 8.IP:Internet Protocol 205

8.1 Introduction 205

8.2 Code Introduction 206

8.3 IP Packets 210

ip 211

8.4 Input Processing:ipintr Function 212

8.5 Forwarding:ip_forward Function 220

route 220

8.6 Output Processing:ip_output Function 228

8.7 Internet Checksum:in_cksum Function 234

8.8 setsockopt and getsockopt System Calls 239

8.9 ip_sysctl Function 244

8.10 Summary 245

9.2 Code Introduction 247

9.1 Introduction 247

Chapter 9.IP Option Processing 247

9.3 Option Format 248

9.4 ip_dooptions Function 249

9.5 Record Route Option 252

9.6 Source and Record Route Options 254

ip_srcrt 258

9.7 Timestamp Option 261

ip_timestamp 262

ipoption 265

9.8 ip_insertoptions Function 265

9.9 ip_pcbopts Function 269

9.10 Limitations 272

9.11 Summary 272

10.1 Introduction 275

Chapter 10.IP Fragmentation and Reassembly 275

10.2 Code Introduction 277

10.3 Fragmentation 278

10.4 ip_optcopy Function 282

10.5 Reassembly 283

ipq 286

10.6 ip_reass Function 286

ipasfrag 287

10.7 ip_slowtimo Function 298

10.8 Summary 300

Chapter 11.ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol 301

11.1 Introduction 301

11.2 Code Introduction 305

icmp 308

11.3 icmp Structure 308

11.4 ICMP protosw Structure 309

11.5 Input Processing:icmp_input Function 310

11.6 Error Processing 313

11.7 Request Processing 316

11.8 Redirect Processing 321

11.9 Reply Processing 323

11.10 Output Processing 324

11.11 icmp_error Function 324

11.12 icmp_reflect Function 328

11.13 icmp_send Function 333

11.14 icmp_sysctl Function 334

11.15 Summary 335

12.1 Introduction 337

Chapter 12.IP Multicasting 337

12.2 Code Introduction 340

12.3 Ethernet Multicast Addresses 341

ether_multi 342

12.4 ether_multi Structure 342

12.5 Ethernet Multicast Reception 344

12.6 in_multi Structure 345

in_multi 345

ip_moptions 347

12.7 ip_moptions Structure 347

12.8 Multicast Socket Options 348

12.9 Multicast TTL Values 348

12.10 ip_setmoptions Function 351

12.11 Joining an IP Multicast Group 355

ip_mreq 356

12.12 Leaving an IP Multicast Group 366

12.13 ip_getmoptions Function 371

12.14 Multicast Input Processing:ipintr Function 373

12.15 Multicast Output Processing:ip_output Function 375

12.16 Performance Considerations 379

12.17 Summary 379

Chapter 13.IGMP:Internet Group Management Protocol 381

13.1 Introduction 381

13.2 Code Introduction 382

igmp 384

13.3 igmp Structure 384

13.4 IGMP protosw Structure 384

13.5 Joining a Group:igmp_joingroup Function 386

13.6 igmp_fasttimo Function 387

13.7 Input Processing:igmp_input Function 391

13.8 Leaving a Group:igmp_leavegroup Function 395

13.9 Summary 396

Chapter 14.IP Multicast Routing 397

14.1 Introduction 397

14.2 Code Introduction 398

14.3 Multicast Output Processing Revisited 399

14.4 mrouted Daemon 401

14.5 Virtual Interfaces 404

vif 406

vifctl 407

14.6 IGMP Revisited 411

lgrplctl 411

14.7 Multicast Routing 416

mrt 419

mrtctl 420

14.8 Multicast Forwarding:ip_mforward Function 424

14.9 Cleanup:ip_mrouter_done Function 433

14.10 Summary 434

Chapter 15.Socket Layer 435

15.1 Introduction 435

15.2 Code Introduction 436

15.3 socket Structure 437

socket 438

15.4 System Calls 441

sysent 443

socket_args 444

15.5 Processes,Descriptors,and Sockets 445

15.6 socket System Call 447

15.7 getsock and sockargs Functions 451

15.8 bind System Call 453

15.9 listen System Call 455

15.10 tsleep and wakeup Functions 456

15.11 accept System Call 457

15.12 sonewconn and soisconnected Functions 461

15.13 connect System call 464

15.14 shutdown System Call 468

15.15 close System Call 471

15.16 Summary 474

Chapter 16.Socket I/O 475

16.1 Introduction 475

16.2 Code Introduction 475

sockbuf 476

16.3 Socket Buffers 476

16.4 write,writev,sendto,and sendmsg System Calls 480

iovec 481

cmsghdr 482

msghdr 482

16.5 sendmsg System Call 483

uio 485

16.6 sendit Function 485

16.7 sosend Function 489

16.8 read,readv,recvfrom,and recvmsg System Calls 500

16.9 recvmsg System Call 501

16.10 recvit Function 503

16.11 soreceive Function 505

16.12 soreceive Code 510

16.13 select System Call 524

selinfo 531

16.14 Summary 534

Chapter 17.Socket Options 537

17.1 Introduction 537

17.2 Code Introduction 538

17.3 setsockopt System Call 539

linger 542

17.4 getsockopt System Call 545

17.5 fcntl and ioctl System Calls 548

17.6 getsockname System Call 554

17.7 getpeername System Call 554

17.8 Summary 557

Chapter 18.Radix Tree Routing Tables 559

18.1 Introduction 559

18.2 Routing Table Structure 560

18.3 Routing Sockets 569

18.4 Code Introduction 570

18.5 Radix Node Data Structures 573

radix_node_head 574

radix_node 575

18.6 Routing Structures 578

radix_mask 578

rtentry 579

rt_metrics 580

18.7 Initialization:route_init and rtable_init Functions 581

18.8 Initiallzation:rn_init and rn_inithead Functions 584

18.9 Duplicate Keys and Mask Lists 587

18.10 rn_match Function 591

18.12 Summary 599

18.11 rn_search Function 599

Chapter 19.Routing Requests and Routing Messages 601

19.1 Introduction 601

19.2 rtalloc and rtallocl Functions 601

19.3 RTFREE Macro and rtfree Function 604

19.4 rtrequest Function 607

19.5 rt_setgate Function 612

19.6 rtinit Function 615

19.7 rtredirect Function 617

19.8 Routing Message Structures 621

if_msghdr 622

ifa_msghdr 622

rt_msghdr 622

rt_addrinfo 623

route_cb 625

19.9 rt_missmsg Function 625

sockproto 626

19.10 rt_ifmsg Function 627

19.11 rt_newaddrmsg Function 628

19.12 rt_msg1 Function 630

walkarg 632

19.13 rt_msg2 Function 632

19.14 sysctl_rtable Function 635

19.15 sysctl_dumpentry Function 640

19.16 sysctl_iflist Function 642

19.17 Summary 644

Chapter 20.Routing Sockets 645

20.1 Introduction 645

20.2 routedomain and protosw Structures 646

20.4 raw_init Function 647

rawcb 647

20.3 Routing Control Blocks 647

20.5 route_output Function 648

20.6 rt_xaddrs Function 660

20.7 rt_setmetrics Function 661

20.8 raw_input Function 662

20.9 route_usrreq Function 664

20.10 raw_usrreq Function 666

20.11 raw_attach,raw_detach,and raw_disconnect Function 671

20.12 Summary 672

Chapter 21.ARP:Address Resolution Protocol 675

21.1 Introduction 675

21.2 ARP and the Routing Table 675

21.3 Code Introduction 678

21.4 ARP Structures 681

ether_arp 682

arphdr 682

llinfo_arp 682

21.5 arpwhohas Function 683

21.6 arprequest Function 684

21.7 arpintr Function 687

21.8 in_arpinput Function 688

21.9 ARP Timer Functions 694

21.10 arpresolve Function 696

21.11 arplockup Function 701

sockaddr_inarp 701

21.12 Proxy ARP 703

21.13 arp_rtrequest Function 704

21.14 ARP and Multicasting 710

21.15 Summary 711

Chapter 22.Protocol Control Blocks 713

22.1 Introduction 713

22.2 Code Introduction 715

inpcb 716

22.3 inpcb Structure 716

22.4 in_pcballoc and in_pcbdetach Functions 717

22.5 Binding,Connecting,and Demultiplexing 719

22.6 in_pcblookup Function 724

22.7 in_pcbbind Function 728

22.8 in_pcbconnect Function 735

22.9 in_pcbdisconnect Function 741

22.10 in_setsockaddr and in_setpeeraddr Functions 741

22.11 in_pcbnotify,in_rtchange,and in_losing Functions 742

22.12 Implementation Refinements 750

22.13 Summary 751

Chapter 23.UDP:User Datagram Protocol 755

23.1 Introduction 755

23.2 Code Introduction 755

23.3 UDP protosw Structure 758

udphdr 759

23.4 UDP Header 759

udpiphdr 759

ipovly 760

23.6 udp_output Function 760

23.5 udp_init Function 760

23.7 udp_input Function 769

23.8 udp_saveopt Function 781

23.9 udp_ctlinput Function 782

23.10 udp_usrreq Function 784

23.11 udp_sysctl Function 790

23.12 Implementation Refinements 791

23.13 Summary 793

Chapter 24.TCP:Transmission Control Protocol 795

24.1 Introduction 795

24.2 Code Introduction 795

24.3 TCP protosw Structure 801

24.4 TCP Header 801

tcphdr 801

24.5 TCP Control BLock 803

tcpiphdr 803

tcpcb 804

24.6 TCP State Transition Diagram 805

24.7 TCP Sequence Numbers 807

24.8 tcp_init Function 812

24.9 Summary 815

Chapter 25.TCP Timers 817

25.1 Introduction 817

25.2 Code Introduction 819

25.3 tcp_cancelzimers Function 821

25.4 tcp_fasttimo Function 821

25.5 tcp_slowt imo Function 822

25.6 tcp_timers Function 824

25.7 Retransmission Timer Calculations 831

25.8 tcp_newtcpcb Function 833

25.9 tcp_setpersist Function 835

25.10 tcp_xmit_timcr Function 836

25.11 Retransmission Timeout:tcp_Limers Function 841

25.12 An RTT Example 846

25.13 Summary 848

Chapter 26.TCP Output 851

26.1 Introduction 851

26.2 tcp_output Overview 852

26.3 Determine if a Segment Should be Sent 852

26.4 TCP Options 864

26.6 Timestamp Option 866

26.5 Window Scale Option 866

26.7 Send a Segment 871

26.8 tcp_template Function 884

26.9 tcp_respond Function 885

26.10 Summary 888

Chapter 27.TCP Functions 891

27.1 Introduction 891

27.3 tcp_drop Function 892

27.2 tcp_drain Function 892

27.4 tcp_close Function 893

27.5 tcp_mss Function 897

27.7 tcp_notify Function 904

27.6 tcp_ctlinput Function 904

27.8 tcp_quench Function 906

27.9 TCP_REASS Macro and tcp_reass Function 906

tcp_debug 916

27.10 tcp_trace Function 916

27.11 Summary 920

Chapter 28.TCP Input 923

28.1 Introduction 923

28.2 Preliminary Processing 925

28.3 tcp_dooptions Function 933

28.4 Header Prediction 934

28.5 TCP Input:Slow Path Processing 941

28.6 Initiation of Passive Open,Completion of Active Open 942

28.7 PAWS:Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 951

28.8 Trim Segment so Data is Within Window 954

28.9 Self-Connects and Simultaneous Opens 960

28.10 Record Timestamp 963

28.11 RST Processing 963

28.12 Summary 965

Chapter 29.TCP Input (Continued) 967

29.1 Introduction 967

29.2 ACK Processing Overview 967

29.3 Completion of Passive Opens and Simultaneous Opens 967

29.4 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms 970

29.5 ACK Processing 974

29.6 Update Window Information 981

29.7 Urgent Mode Processing 983

29.8 tcp_pulloutofband Function 986

29.9 Processing of Received Data 988

29.10 FIN Processing 990

29.11 Final Processing 992

29.12 Implementation Refinements 994

29.13 Header Compression 995

29.14 Summary 1004

Chapter 30.TCP User Requests 1007

30.1 Introduction 1007

30.2 tcp_usrreq Function 1007

30.3 tcp_attach Function 1018

30.4 tcp_disconnect Function 1019

30.5 tcp_usrclosed Function 1021

30.6 tcp_ctloutput Function 1022

30.7 Summary 1025

31.1 Introduction 1027

Chapter 31.BPF:DSD Packet Filter 1027

31.2 Code Introduction 1028

31.3 bpf_if Structure 1029

hpf_if 1029

bpf_hdr 1029

31.4 bpf_d Structure 1032

hpf_d 1033

31.5 BPF Input 1040

31.6 BPF Output 1046

31.7 Summary 1047

Chapter 32.Raw IP 1049

32.1 Introduction 1049

32.2 Code Introduction 1050

32.3 Raw IP protosw Structure 1051

32.5 rip_input Function 1053

32.4 rip_init Function 1053

32.6 rip_output Function 1056

32.7 rip_usrreq Function 1058

32.8 rip_ctloutput Function 1063

32.9 Summary 1065

Epilogue 1067

Appendix A.Solutions to Selected Exercises 1069

Appendix B.Source Code Availability 1093

Appendix C.RFC 1122 Compliance 1097

C.1 Link-Layer Requirements 1097

C.2 IP Requirements 1098

C.3 IP Options Requirements 1102

C.4 IP Fragmentation and Reassembly Requirements 1104

C.5 ICMP Requirements 1105

C.6 Multicasting Requirements 1110

C.7 IGMP Requirements 1111

C.8 Routing Requirements 1111

C.9 ARP Requirements 1113

C.10 UDP Requirements 1113

C.11 TCP Requirements 1115

Bibliography 1125

Index 1133