A MANUAL OF ELEMENTARY LAWPDF电子书下载

PART 1. Elementary Jurisprudence. 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ. NATURE OF LAW AND THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS. 1

1-2. Law in General 1

3-5. Laws of Human Action-Sanction 2

6. Moral Law 4

7. Divine Law 5

8. Municipal or Positive Law 5

9-11. International Law 7

12-13. Maritime Law 10

14. Martial Law 13

CHAPTER Ⅱ. GOVERNMENT AND ITS FUNCTIONS. 14

15. The State 14

16-19. Sovereignty 15

20. The Constitution 17

21. The Government and Its Relation to Its Subjects 18

22. The Functions of Government 19

23. The Forms of Government 20

24. Confederation of States 23

25. The Modern Federal State 23

26. The Branches of Government 24

CHAPTER Ⅲ. GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 26

27. General Character of the United States Government 26

28. The Colonial Government 27

29. Revolutionary Government and Articles of Confed-eratlon 28

30-31. The United States Constitution 29

32. Relation of the State and Federal Governments 31

33. Sovereignty in the United States 32

34. Distribution of Powers in the Federal Government 33

35. The State Governments 35

36. Local Self-Government 38

87-39. Citizenship and Naturalization 41

CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE UNWRITTEN LAW. 43

40-41. In General 43

42-45. The Roman Law—Codification 45

46. The Common Law 47

47-48. Customs—Stare Decisis 48

49-51. Its Development—Fictions—Equity 50

52. The Law Merchant 52

53. The Canon Law 53

54-56. Unwritten Law in America 53

CHAPTER Ⅴ. EQUITY. 56

57-59. Equity Courts and Their General Jurisdiction 56

60-62. Specific Character of Equity Jurisdiction 60

63-75. The Maxims of Equity 61

CHAPTER Ⅵ. THE WRITTEN LAW. 64

76-79. In General—Statutes 64

80. Relation to the Unwritten Law 66

81-83. Statutes—How Enacted 67

84. Constitutionality 69

85-87. Affirmative and Negative 70

88-90. Declaratory and Remedial 71

91-93. Public and Private&71- 72

94-96. General and Local 72

97-99. Mandatory and Directory 73

100-102. Prospective and Retrospective 74

CHAPTER Ⅶ. THE AUTHORITIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION. 75

103. The Rank of the Various Authorities 75

104-109. General Rules for the Interpretation of Laws 76

110-119. Rules for the Construction of Statutes 78

120-122. The Interpretation of Cases 79

CHAPTER Ⅷ. PERSONS AND PERSONAL RIGHTS. 82

123-125. Legal Rights, Wrongs, and Remedies 82

126-128. Rights in Rem and Rights in Personam 84

129-131. Persons, Natural and Artificial； Status 86

132. The Fundamental Rights in Rem 89

133-134. The Right of Personal Security 89

135. The Right of Personal Liberty 91

136. The Right of Private Property 92

137-138. Constitutional Guaranties of the FundamentalRights 92

CHAPTER Ⅸ.PROPERTY. 95

139-140.Property in General 95

141-144.Historical Phases of Property 96

145-147. The Feudal System 97

148-150.Ownership and Possession 101

151-156.Limitations on Ownership 101

157-159. Corporeal and Incorporeal Property 105

160-163. Real and Personal Property 106

164.Fixtures 108

CHAPTER Ⅹ.CLASSIFICATION OF THE LAW. 110

165-166.Substantive and Adjective Law 110

167-168.Public and Private Law 111

169-172. Subdivisions of Public Substantive Law 112

173-176. Subdivisions of Private Substantive Law 113

177.Public Adjective Law 117

178.Private Adjective Law 118

PART 2.The Substantive Law. 123

CHAPTER ⅩⅠ.CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. 123

179.Written and Unwritten Constitutions 123

180-182.Illustrations 124

183-189.The Construction of Constitutions 126

190-191.The Essentials of a Written Constitution 129

192-193.Administrative Law 131

CHAPTER ⅩⅡ.CRIMINAL LAW. 132

194-195. Nature of Crime and the Criminal Law 132

196.Criminal Incapacity 134

197-200. Classification of Crimes 136

201. Common-Law Felonies 137

202.Modes of Punishment 140

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. THE LAW OF DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 142

203. Marriage in General 142

204.Impediments 144

205.The Contract of Marriage 146

206-207.The Marriage Relation and Its Incidents 147

208.The Married Women’s Acts 148

209-210. The Termination of the Relation 149

211-213. Parent and Child—Legitimacy 150

214-215. The Disability of Infants 150

216-217. The Duties of Parents 152

218. The Rights of Parents 153

219. Emancipation 153

220. Guardian and Ward 154

221-223. Rights and Duties of Guardians 155

224. The Termination of the Relation 155

225-226. Master and Servant 156

227. The Termination of the Relation 157

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ. CORPOREAL AND INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS. 158

228-229. Corporeal Hereditaments 158

230-240. Incorporeal Hereditaments at Common Law 160

241-244. Incorporeal Hereditaments in the United States 166

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ. ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY. 170

245-246. Estates in Generl-Tenants 170

247. Classification of Estates 171

248-250. Estates in Possession and in Expectancy 172

251-256. Classification of Expectant Estates-Remainders 172

257-258. Estates in Reversion and Executory Interests 175

259-261. Freeholds and Estates Less than Freehold 176

262-264. Freeholds of Inheritance and Not of Inheritance 178

265-274. Classification of Estates for Life 180

275-279. Estates Less than Freehold 183

280-285. Estates in Severalty, in Joint Tenancy, and in Com-mon 185

286-292. Absolute and Conditional Estates 187

293-297. Equitable Estates-Uses and Trusts 190

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ. TITLES TO REAL PROPERTY. 193

298. Titles in General 193

299-300. Title by Descent and Title by Purchase 194

301-304. Classification of Titles by Purchase 195

305. Title by Escheat 196

306. Title by Accretion 196

307. Title by Abandonment 197

308. Title by Forfeiture 197

309. Title by Prescription 197

310. Title by Adverse Possession 198

311. Title by Marriage 198

312-316. Title by Alienation—By Execution 198

317. Title by Judicial Decree 199

318. Title by Eminent Domain 200

319. Tax Titles 200

320-322. Title by Devise and Title by Grant 201

323. Title by Grant 201

324. Public Grant 201

325-327. Private Grant 203

328-333. Classification of Deeds—Common-Law Deeds 203

334-335. Deeds in the United States 206

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ. PERSONAL PROPERTY. 207

336-339. Chattels； Real and Personal 207

340-342. Choses and Their Classification 208

343-344. Corporeal and Incorporeal Personal Property…… 208

345-346. The Ownership of Personal Property 210

347-351. Titles to Personal Property and Their General Classification 212

352-355. Title by Original Acquisition-Occupancy, Acces-sion, and Creation 213

356-359. Title by Operation of Law—Forfeiture, Succession,and Marriage 215

360-363. Title by Legal Process—Prerogative, Execution,and Judicial Decree 216

364. Title by Act of Parties 217

365-368. Title by Gift 217

369-369a. Title by Testament and by Contract 218

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ. SUCCESSION AFTER DEATH. 219

370-373. Succession in General 219

374-375. Testate Succession—Wills 221

376-377. Intestate Succession—Descent and Distribution 222

378. Escheat 223

379-380. Executors and Administrators 223

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ. CONTRACTS. 225

381. Deflnition of Contract 225

382-383. Agreement 227

384. Requisites of Enforceability 229

385. How Enforced 231

386-389. Classification of Contracts 231

390. Quasi Contract 234

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ. SPECIAL CONTRACTS. 235

391-392. Contracts of Sale-Their Nature and Requisites 235

393-394. The Statute of Frauds 236

395-396.Executory and Executed 237

397-398. Bailments—Their General Nature 238

399-400.Classification 239

401.Liability of the Bailee 240

402-405.Exceptional Bailees 241

406. Innkeepers and Common Carriers 242

407-408. Negotiable Contracts 243

409-411. Bills of Exchange 244

410-413. Promissory Notes 245

414. Words of Negotiability 246

415-416. Methods of Transfer 246

417-418. Contract of Suretyship 247

419. The Statute of Frauds 247

420. Discharge of the Surety 248

421. Indemnity 249

422-424. Contract of Insurance 249

425. Insurable Interest 250

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅠ. AGENCY. 252

426. The Relation in General 252

427-428. The Parties to the Relation 254

429. Unlawful Agencies 255

430. The Creation of the Relation 256

431-432. Ratification 257

433. Termination of the Relation 258

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅡ. COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATIONS. 259

434. Partnerships-Their General Nature 259

435-436. Rights and Liabilities of Partners 260

437. How Formed—Partnership by Estoppel 261

438. Mutual Agency 262

439-440. Limited Partnerships 262

441. Partnership Associations Limited 263

442-443. Voluntary Associations 264

444. Joint-Stock Companies 264

445-446. Corporations—Public and Private 265

447. How Created 266

448. Board of Directors 267

449. Rights of Stockholders 267

450. Liabilities of Stockholders 268

451. Limitations of Existence 268

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ. TORTS. 269

452. The Nature of a Tort 269

453. The Elements of a Tort 271

454. Proximate and Remote Cause 272

455. Classification of Torts 272

456. Negligence 273

457. Nuisance 274

458. Conspiracy 274

459. Assault and Battery 275

460. Defamation 275

461. Malicious Prosecution 276

462. False Imprisonment 276

463-464. Trespass 277

465. Conversion 277

466. Deceit 278

467. Infringement 278

468. Violation of Easements 278

469. Seduction 279

470. Malicious Interference with Contract 279

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ. REMEDIES. 284

471. Scope of the Adjective Law 284

472-473. Remedies-Extralegal and Legal 284

474-475. Extralegal Remedies-Self-Defense 285

476. Recaption or Reprisal 286

477. Entry 287

478. Abatement of Nuisances 287

479. Distress 287

480. Accord and Satisfaction 288

481-482. Arbitration and Award 288

483. Legal Remedies—Penal and Civil 289

484. Civil Remedies—Common-Law and Equitable 289

485-486. Ordinary Common-Law Remedies—Restoration 290

487-491. Damages 291

492-493. Extraordinary Common-Law Remedies—Mandamus 292

494. Quo Warranto 293

495. Prohibition 293

496. Habeas Corpus 294

497-498. Equitable Remedies—Injunction 294

499. Specific Performance 295

500-502. Re-execution, Correction, and Rescission 296

503. Control of Trusts 296

504. Foreclosure of Mortgages 297

505. Quieting Title 297

506. Partition 298

507. Receivers 298

508-509. Accounting 298

510. Ne Exeat 299

511-512. Discovery 299

513. Perpetuation of Testimony 300

514. Enforcement of Awards and Judgments 300

515. Interpleader 300

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ.COURTS AND THEIR JURISDICTION. 302

516. Courts in General 302

517. Courts of Record, and Not of Record 303

518-519. Jurisdiction—Original and Appellate 303

520. General and Limited 304

521. Exclusive and Concurrent 304

522. Courts of England before 1873-Courts of Original Jurisdiction 305

523. Courts of Intermediate Appeal 307

524. Courts of Final Appeal 307

525-527. Courts of England since 1873 308

528. Courts of the United States-Federal Courts 309

529. State Courts 312

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ.PROCEDURE. 313

530-531. Procedure in General 313

532. The Essentials of Procedure 314

533-539. Common-Law Procedure-Forms of Action 315

540. Common-Law Procedure-Outline 318

541. Equity Procedure-Outline 320

542. Code Procedure-Outline 322

543. Criminal Procedure-Outline 323

CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ.TRIALS. 326

544-546. Early Forms of Trial 326

547-548. Trial Procedure-Outline 327

549-550. Evidence 330