第二语言的建构PDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 The Role of Native Language in Second Language Acquisition 1

1.1 What is language transfer 1

1.1.1 Earlier consideration on transfer 3

1.1.2 Borrowing transfer and substratum transfer 4

1.1.3 Odlin's contribution 6

1.1.4 Transfer as a controversy in second language acquisition 9

1.2 Second language acquisition development 10

1.2.1 A historical sketch 10

1.2.2 The theoretical approaches 13

1.2.3 Universal Grammar and second language acquisition 17

1.3 Other approaches to SLA 20

1.3.1 Functional typographical framework 20

1.3.2 Information processing approach 20

1.3.3 Variationist approaches 21

1.3.4 Current issues in SLA research 21

1.4 Structure of the book 22

1.5 Conclusion 26

Chapter 2 Language Transfer:a Historical Review 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Historical review 31

2.2.1 Early attempts on language transfer 32

2.2.2 Contrastive Analysis 36

2.2.3 Error Analysis 46

2.2.4 Creative Construction Hypothesis 53

2.2.5 Interlanguage Phase 58

2.3 Recent development 59

2.4 Language transfer revisited:a critical evaluation 61

2.4.1 Selinker's study 61

2.4.2 Language transfer:reconeeptualization 62

2.5 Some personal revelations on language transfer 79

2.6 Conclusion 81

Chapter 3 Language Transfer and Universal Grammar 84

3.1 Introduction 84

3.2 Why a Universal Grammar 86

3.2.1 What constitutes knowledge of language 87

3.2.2 How is knowledge of language acquired 87

3.2.3 How is knowledge of language put to use 88

3.3 What does Universal Grammar consist of 89

3.3.1 Principles and Parameters 89

3.3.2 Minimalist Program 90

3.4 UG and L1 acquisition 92

3.4.1 The logical problem 93

3.4.2 Principles in L1 acquisition 98

3.4.3 Parameters in L1 acquisition 100

3.4.4 Functional categories in L1 acquisition 103

3.5 UG and second language acquisition 104

3.5.1 The differences between L1 acquisition and L2 acquisition 104

3.5.2 Different possibilities of UG's role in L2 acquisition 106

3.5.3 Functional categories in L2 acquisition 107

3.6 Conclusion 108

Chapter 4 The New Research Trends 111

4.1 Introduction 111

4.2 The L2 initial state 111

4.2.1 Full Transfer/Partial Access 113

4.2.2 No Transfer/Full Access 114

4.2.3 Full Transfer/Full Access 117

4.2.4 Partial Transfer/Full Access 119

4.2.5 Partial Transfer/Partial Access 120

4.3 Evidence for the initial state:what counts as data 121

4.4 Interlanguages and stages of L2 development 123

4.4.1 Development:transfer versus no transfer 124

4.4.2 Development:full versus partial access 126

4.5 The L2 final state 129

4.5.1 Ultimate L2 attainments 130

4.5.2 Critical periods 131

4.5.3 Near native speaker competence 131

4.5.4 Non convergent final outcomes 133

4.6 Findings about functional categories in SLA 133

4.7 Conclusion 135

Chapter 5 Critical Evaluation of the Linguistic Approach to Second Language Acquisition Researches5.1 Introduction 137

5.2 Critical evaluation of SLA studies within the framework of UG 139

5.2.1 Strengths 139

5.2.2 Weaknesses 140

5.3 Relevant issues 141

5.3.1 UG as the theoretical base for SLA studies 142

5.3.2 Children adults differences 142

5.3.3 Phonology 143

5.3.4 Changing views and questions 144

5.3.5 Universal Grammar and language typology 147

5.4 Methodological meditation 150

5.4.1 Theoretical assumptions 151

5.4.2 Methodological survey 157

5.4.3 Grammaticality Judgment tests 158

5.4.4 Acceptability Judgements tests 163

5.4.5 Criteria to be met 167

5.4.6 Some overgeneralizations in SLA researches 167

5.5 Comments from non-UG proponents 169

5.6 Evidence needed to explain the logical problem 170

5.7 Conclusion 172

Chapter 6 Language Transfer and Other Explanations 174

6.1 Introduction 174

6.2 Language transfer and SLA in retrospect 175

6.3 Nativism:how far is it away from the UG 178

6.4 Cognitive nativism:not an oxymoron 179

6.4.1 Cognitive modularity 182

6.4.2 Linguistic nativism 183

6.4.3 Developmental nativism 186

6.4.4 General nativism 188

6.4.5 Connectionist nativism 189

6.5 Second language acquisition and beyond 191

6.6 An integrated model of SLA 198

6.6.1 An integrated model 199

6.6.2 Preliminary studies 205

6.7 Conclusion 208

Chapter 7 Further Evidence 211

7.1 The tense and aspect system in English 211

7.1.1 Tense 211

7.1.2 Aspect 212

7.2 The simple past and the present perfect in English 213

7.2.1 The simple past tense 213

7.2.2 The present perfect 214

7.3 Simple past versus present perfect 216

7.3.1 Forms 216

7.3.2 Function 216

7.3.3 Use of temporal expressions 217

7.3.4 Summary 218

7.4 Temporality in Chinese 218

7.5 Study Ⅰ 222

7.5.1 Research questions and design 222

7.5.2 Results and analysis 223

7.6 Study Ⅱ 227

7.6.1 Research questions and design 227

7.6.2 Results and analysis 228

7.7 Findings and discussion 238

7.8 Summary 240

Chapter 8 Conclusion 244

8.1 Introduction 244

8.2 Recapitulation 245

8.3 Critical evaluation of the study 252

8.4 Implications 253

8.5 Conclusion 255

Bibliography 257

Appendix 296