大学物理学 第2版PDF电子书下载

CONTENTS 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is physics 1

1.2 Physical quantities 4

1.3 Appfoximation in physics 8

1.4 Vectors 10

1.5 Orthogonal coordinate systerms 14

Problems 17

References 19

Part One Mechanics 25

Chapter 2 kinematics 25

2.1 Mechanical motion and moving object 25

2.2 Translation 26

2.3 Rotation 29

2.4 Oscillation 32

2.5 Phase space 35

2.6 Galilean ttansformation 36

2.7 Coriolis accelemtion 37

Problems 40

References 41

Chapter 3 Particie Dynamics 42

3.1 The law of inertia and inertial frame of reference 42

3.2 Newton's second and third laws 43

3.3 Forces 47

3.4 Noninertial frame of reference and inertial force 50

3.5 Momentum and angular momenturm 52

3.6 Mechanical work and energy 54

Problems 58

References 59

Chapter 4 Gravitafion 60

4.1 The law of gravitation 60

4.2 Gravitational potential energy 65

4.3 Gravitational mass,redshift,and collapse 71

4.4 Kepler problem and scattering 76

4.5 Gravitational field 80

Problems 85

References 87

Chapter 5 Dynamics of Many-Particle System 88

5.1 The center of mass 88

5.2 System with variable mass 93

5.3 Collisions 94

5.4 Fluid motion 101

5.5 Symmetry and conservation laws 104

Problems 105

References 107

Chapter 6 Dynamics of a Rigid Body 108

6.1 Rotational inertia 108

6.2 The dynamics of rotation 111

6.3 Precessjon of angular momentum 114

6.4 Equilibrium of rigid bodies and stability 115

Problems 118

References 119

Chapter 7 Oscillations 120

7.1 Simple harmonic motion 120

7.2 Coupled oscillation 124

7.3 Damped oscillation 127

7.4 Nonlinear oscillation 129

7.5 Forced oscillation under friction 131

Problems 134

References 135

Chapter 8 Waves 136

8.1 Waves and their classification 136

8.2 Wave equation 137

8.3 Simple harmonic waves and their superposition 140

8.4 Interference and diffraction 147

8.5 Dispersion and wave packet 149

8.6 The Dopplere effect 151

8.7 Solitary wave 152

Problems 153

References 155

Chapter 9 Relativistic Mechan-cs 156

9.1 Galilean transformations 156

9.2 The Lorentz transformations 160

9.3 Spacetime diagram and twin paradox 165

9.4 Relativislic kinematics 168

9.5 RelatiVistic dynamics 170

Problems 176

References 178

Part Two Thermal Physics 182

Chapter 10 Temperature 182

10.1 Equilibrium state 182

lO.2 Thermal equilibrium and temperature 184

10.3 EmpiricaI temperature scales 184

10.4 The equation of stare 186

References 189

Problems 189

Chapter 11 The First Law of Thermodynamics 190

11.1 Work and internal energy 190

11.2 Heat and the first law of thermodynamics 192

ll.3 Heat capacity and specific heat 193

11.4 Free expansion and intemal energy of gas 196

11.5 Adiabatic equation 198

11.6 The Camot cycle 199

Problems 200

References 202

Chapter 12 The second Law of Thermodynamics 203

12.1 The second Iaw 203

12.2 Carnot theorem and thermodynamic scale 204

12.3 Entropy and entyopy principle 206

12.4 Thermodynamic potentials 211

12.5 Relativistic thermodynamics 215

12.6 Blackhole thermodynamics 217

Problems 218

References 220

Chapter 13 Microscopic Model of Ideal GaS 221

13.1 Ideal gas 221

13.2 Equilibritum distribution 224

13.3 Equipartition theorem 227

13.4 Effusion 228

13.5 Transport phenomena 230

Problems 236

References 237

Chapter 14 Phase Transition 238

14.1 Van der Waals equation 238

14.2 Phase and phase diagram 240

14.3 Clapeyron's equation 241

14.4 Higher order phase transition 244

14.5 Concepts in modern theory of phase transition 246

Problems 248

References 250

Part Three Electromagnetism 253

Chapter 15 EIectrostatic Field 253

15.1 Electric charge and Coulomb's law 253

15.2 Electrostatic field 257

15.3 Gauss'law 261

15.4 Electric potential　 266

15.5 Electric potentia1 energy 269

Problems 274

References 275

Chapter 16 Conductor and Dielectrics 277

l6.1 Uniform conductor in an electrostatic field 277

16.2 Capacitance 279

16.3 Conductivity and Ohm's law 282

l6.4 Dielectrics 284

16.5 Electric vectors 285

Problems 289

References 290

17.1 Magnetic field 291

Chapter 17 Magnetic Field 291

17.2 Ganss'law for magnetism and Ampere'slaw 296

17.3 Magnetic force 298

17.4 The Hall effect 304

Problems 306

References 307

Chapter 18 Electromagnetic Induction 308

18.1 Faraday's law of induction 308

18.2 Motional EMF 311

18.3 Inductance 313

18.4 Relativity of E and B 318

Problems 320

References 322

Chapter 19 Magnetic Properties of Matter 323

19.1 Magnetic dipole of microscopic particles 323

19.2 Magnetic vectors 328

19.3 The magnetic propenies of macroscopiC objects 331

19.4 The magnetism of the earth 335

Problems 336

References 337

Chapter 20 Maxwell's Equations 338

20.1 Quasi-equations and monopole 338

20.2 Displacement current and induced magnetic field 34l20.3 Differential form of Maxwell's equations 345

20.4 Energy flow and field momentum density 346

ProbIems 348

References 349

21.1 Wave equations 350

Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Waves 350

21.2 Travelling waves 352

21.3 Radiation 354

21.4 Crystal djffraction 356

21.5 Standing wave alld DOS 357

Problems 358

References 359

22.1 Blackbody radiation 363

Part Four Fundamental Modern Physics 363

Chapter 22 Energy Quantization 363

22.2 The photoelectric efiect 366

22.3 The Compton Effect 369

22.4 Line spectra the energy quantization in atoms 370

Problems 374

References 375

Chapter 23 Wave Nature of Matter 376

23.1 Matter waves 376

23.2 Davisson-Germer experiment 377

23.3 Electron two-slit experiment 378

23.4 Uncertainty relation 379

Problems 382

References 382

Chapter 24 Schrodinger Equation 383

24.1 The wave function 383

24.2 Schrodinger equation 383

24.3 One dimensional potential well 386

24.4 Potential barrier 387

24.5 Simple harmonic oscillator 391

Problcms 394

References 395

Chapter 25 Atoms 396

25.1 The hydrogen atom 396

25.2 Energy level and transition 397

25.3 Probability density 400

25.4 Orbital angular momentum and spin 402

25.5 Many-electron atoms 405

25.6 Lasers 406

25.7 Xrays 408

Problems 410

References 410

Chapter 26 Molecules and Clusters 411

26.1 Atomic orbital 411

26.2 Molecular orbital 414

26.3 Ionic bonding 417

26.4 Molecule vibrtion and rotation 419

26.6 Clusters 424

Problems 425

References 426

Chapter 27 Fermi and Bose Statistics 427

27.1 Fermions and Bosons 427

27.2 Fermi-Dirac distribution 429

27.3 Bose-Einstein distribution photon gas 430

27.4 Bose-EinStein Condensation 431

27.5 Specific heat of solids 434

Problems 437

References 438

Chapter 28 Condensed Matter 439

28.1 Spatial orders in condensed matter 439

28.2 Hausdorff dimension and fractal 442

28.3 Bonds in crystals 443

28.4 Free electron model for metals 446

28.5 Energy band 447

Problems 448

References 449

Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics 451

29.1 Atomic nucleus 451

29.2 Nuclear force and nuclear models 454

29.3 Radioactive decays 457

29.4 Mossbauer effect 462

29.5 Fission and fusion 463

Problems 469

References 471

Chapter 30 Leptons and Quarks 472

30.1 Particles and their classification 472

30.2 Interactions 476

30.3 Conservation laws 479

30.4 Quarks 481

30.5 The CPT theorem 482

Problems 485

References 487

Chapter 31 Astrophysics 488

31.1 Structure and evolution of stars 488

31.2 White dwarfs 489

31.3 The neutron stars and pulsars 491

31.4 Quasar 493

31.5 Blackhole and primordial blackhole 494

Problems 497

References 498

Chapter 32 Physical Cosmology 499

32.1 Basic facts and cosmological principle 499

32.2 Basic concepts 502

32.3 Curved spacetime and metrics 505

32.4 Gravitational field equation 508

32.5 Dynamics of the standard model 511

32.6 Progress in cosmology 514

Problems 515

References 515

Appendix 519

A Commonly used Physical Constants 519

B Simple Pendulum and Jacobi's Elliptical Function 522

C Critical and Heavy Damping 524

D Fourier Series and Frequency Spcctrum 526

E Inlegral Results about Packets 529

F Planets in Solar System 532

G Gaussian Integral and Gamma Function 533

H Operator 535

I Dirac Delta Function 538

J Riemann Zeta Function 539

K Wave Functions 540

L Relativistic Transformation of Electromagnetic Field 542

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 546

Index 554