大学物理学Collge PhysicsPDF电子书下载

1 INTRODUCTION:PHYSICAL QUANTITIES,UNITS,AND MATHEMATICAL OVERVIEW 1

1.1 Physics:An Introduction 2

1.2 Physical Quantities and Units 6

Things Great and Small:Quest for Microscopic Standards for Basic Units 9

1.3 Measurement,Accuracy,and Uncertainty;Significant Figures 11

1.4 Exponents 14

1.5 Scientific Notation and Powers of 10 15

1.6 Logarithms 17

1.7 The Rules of Algebra 18

1.8 Angles,Triangles,and Simple Trigonometry 22

Summary 25

Conceptual Questions 25

Problems 26

Construct Your Own Problem 27

2 KINEMATICS 28

2.1 Displacement 29

2.2 Time,Velocity,and Speed 30

2.3 Acceleration 32

2.4 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension 36

2.5 Problem-Solving Basics 42

2.6 Falling Objects 43

2.7 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion 46

Summary 50

Conceptual Questions 50

Problems 52

Unreasonable Results 55

Construct Your Own Problem 55

3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS 56

3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction 57

3.2 Vector Definitions and Graphical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction 58

3.3 Analytical Methods of Vector Addition and Subtraction 61

3.4 Projectile Motion 64

3.5 Addition of Velocities 69

Summary 74

Conceptual Questions 75

Problems 76

Unreasonable Results 80

Construct Your Own Problem 80

4 DYNAMICS:NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION 81

4.1 Force:The Concept 82

4.2 Newton s First Law of Motion:Mass 83

4.3 Newton s Second Law of Motion:Concept of a System 84

4.4 Newton s Third Law of Motion:Symmetry 87

4.5 Weight,Friction,Tension,and Other Classes of Forces 90

Things Great and Small:Submicroscopic Explanations of Friction 95

4.6 The Four Basic Forces:An Introduction 99

4.7 Further Applications of Newton s Laws of Motion:Problem-Solving Strategies 101

Summary 107

Conceptual Questions 108

Problems 109

Integrated Concepts 113

Problem-Solving Strategy 113

Unreasonable Results 115

Construct Your Own Problem 115

5 STATICS,TORQUE,AND ELASTICITY 116

5.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium 117

5.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium 118

5.3 Center of Mass;Center of Gravity 121

5.4 Stability 123

5.5 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies 124

5.6 Simple Machines 127

5.7 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints 129

5.8 Elasticity:Stress and Strain 133

Summary 137

Conceptual Questions 138

Problems 140

Integrated Concepts 146

Unreasonable Results 146

Construct Your Own Problem 146

6 WORK, ENERGY,AND POWER 147

6.1 Work:The Scientific Definition 148

6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 149

6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 152

6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 154

6.5 Nonconservative Forces:Open Systems 157

6.6 Conservation of Energy 159

6.7 Power 161

6.8 Work,Energy,and Power in Humans;Introduction to Efficiency 163

Summary 166

Conceptual Questions 167

Problems 167

Integrated Concepts 171

Problem-Solving Strategy 171

Unreasonable Results 172

Construct Your Own Problem 172

7 UNEAR MOMENTUM 173

7.1 Linear Momentum and Force 174

7.2 Impulse 176

7.3 Conservation of Momentum 177

Things Great and Small:Submicroscopic Collisions and Momentum 179

7.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 179

7.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 181

7.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions 183

7.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion 186

Summary 188

Conceptual Questions 188

Problems 189

Integrated Concepts 192

Unreasonable Results 193

Construct Your Own Problem 193

8 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION 194

8.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity 195

8.2 Centripetal Acceleration 197

8.3 Centripetal Force 199

8.4 Fictitious Forces and Noninertial Frames:The Coriolis Force 201

8.5 Newton s Universal Law of Gravitation 203

8.6 Satellites and Kepler s Laws:An Argument for Simplicity 207

Summary 211

Conceptual Questions 212

Problems 214

Integrated Concepts 216

Unreasonable Results 217

Construct Your Own Problem 217

9 ROTATIONAL MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM 218

9.1 Angular Acceleration 219

9.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion 221

9.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion:Rotational Inertia 224

9.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy:Work-Energy Revisited 227

9.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 231

9.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions: A Brief Treatment of Things that Go Bump and Spin 235

9.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum 237

Summary 239

Conceptual Questions 239

Problems 241

Integrated Concepts 243

Unreasonable Results 244

Construct Your Own Problem 244

10 FLUID STATICS 245

10.1 What Is a Fluid? 246

10.2 Density 247

10.3 Pressure 248

10.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid 249

10.5 Pascal s Principle 251

10.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure,and Pressure Measurement 253

10.7 Archimedes Principle: Buoyant Force,Density Measurement, and Why Some Things Float 255

10.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids:Surface Tension and Capillary Action 260

10.9 Pressures in the Body and Their Measurement 264

Summary 267

Conceptual Questions 268

Problems 269

Integrated Concepts 272

Unreasonable Results 273

Construct Your Own Problem 273

11 FLUID DYNAMICS 274

11.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity 275

11.2 Bernoulli s Equation 277

11.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli s Equation 280

11.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow:Poiseuille s Law 281

11.5 The Onset of Turbulence 285

11.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid 286

11.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion,Osmosis, and Related Processes 287

Summary 290

Conceptual Questions 290

Problems 291

Unreasonable Results 294

Construct Your Own Problem 294

12 TEMPERATURE, KINETIC THEORY, AND THE GAS LAWS 295

12.1 Temperature 296

12.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 298

12.3 The Ideal Gas Law 301

12.4 Kinetic Theory: Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature 305

Things Great and Small: Submicroscopic Origin of Pressure in a Gas 306

12.5 Phase Changes 309

12.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling 311

Summary 314

Conceptual Questions 315

Problems 316

Integrated Concepts 318

Unreasonable Results 318

Construct Your Own Problem 318

13 HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS 319

13.1 Heat 320

13.2 Temperature Change and Specific Heat 321

13.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat 324

13.4 Introduction to Heat Transfer Methods 328

13.5 Conduction 329

13.6 Convection 332

13.7 Radiation 334

Summary 338

Conceptual Questions 339

Problems 340

Integrated Concepts 343

Unreasonable Results 344

Construct Your Own Problem 344

14 THERMODYNAMICS 345

14.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 346

14.2 The First Law and Some Simple Processes 349

14.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency 353

14.4 Carnot s Perfect Heat Engine:The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated 357

14.5 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 359

14.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy 362

14.7 Statistical interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law: The Underlying Explanation 367

Summary 370

Conceptual Questions 371

Problems 372

Integrated Concepts 375

Problem-Solving Strategy 376

Unreasonable Results 377

Construct Your Own Problem 377

15 OSCILLATORY MOTION AND WAVES 378

15.1 Hooke s Law: Stress and Strain Recalled 379

15.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations 381

15.3 Simple Harmonic Motion:A Special Periodic Motion 382

15.4 The Simple Pendulum 384

15.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 385

15.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion 387

15.7 Damped Harmonic Motion 388

15.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 389

15.9 Waves 391

15.10 Superposition and Interference 393

15.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity 396

Summary 398

Conceptual Questions 399

Problems 400

Integrated Concepts 404

Unreasonable Results 404

Construct Your Own Problem 404

16 SOUND AND HEARING 405

16.1 Sound 406

16.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency,and Wavelength 407

16.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level 409

16.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms 411

16.5 Sound Interference and Resonance:Standing Waves in Air Columns 415

16.6 Hearing 419

16.7 Ultrasound 424

Summary 427

Conceptual Questions 428

Problems 429

Integrated Concepts 431

Unreasonable Results 432

Construct Your Own Problem 432

17 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 433

17.1 Static Electricity and Charge:Conservation of Charge 434

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Charge 436

17.2 Conductors and Insulators:Charging by Contact and by Induction 437

17.3 Coulomb s Law 439

17.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited 441

17.5 Electric Field Lines:Multiple Charges 442

17.6 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium 444

17.7 Applications of Electrostatics 446

Summary 448

Conceptual Questions 449

Problems 450

Integrated Concepts 453

Problem-Solving Strategy 453

Unreasonable Results 455

Construct Your Own Problem 455

18 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC ENERGY 456

18.1 Electric Potential Energy:Potential Difference 457

18.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field 460

18.3 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge 462

18.4 Equipotential Lines 463

18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics 465

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Polarization 468

18.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 469

18.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors 471

Summary 472

Conceptual Questions 473

Problems 474

Integrated Concepts 476

Unreasonable Results 477

Construct Your Own Problem 477

19 ELECTRIC CURRENT, RESISTANCE,AND OHM S LAW 478

19.1 Current 479

19.2 Ohm s Law:Resistance and Simple Circuits 482

19.3 Resistance and Resistivity 484

19.4 Electric Power and Energy 486

19.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current 488

19.6 Electric Hazards,Thermal and Shock 491

19.7 Nerve Conduction-Electrocardiograms 494

Summary 498

Conceptual Questions 499

Problems 500

Integrated Concepts 502

Problem-Solving Strategy 502

Unreasonable Results 504

Construct Your Own Problem 504

20 CIRCUITS AND DC INSTRUMENTS 505

20.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 506

20.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage 512

Things Great and Small:The Submicroscopic Origin of Battery Potential 513

20.3 Kirchhoff s Rules 516

20.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters 519

20.5 Null Measurements 521

20.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors 523

Summary 525

Conceptual Questions 526

Problems 528

Integrated Concepts 531

Unreasonable Results 532

Construct Your Own Problem 532

21 MAGNETISM 533

21.1 Magnets 534

21.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets:Underlying Currents 535

21.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines 537

21.4 Magnetic Field Strength B: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field 538

21.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications 540

21.6 The Hall Effect 542

21.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 544

21.8 Torque on a Current Loop:Motors and Meters 545

21.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents:Ampere s Law 547

21.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors 550

21.11 Even More Applications of Magnetism 551

Summary 553

Conceptual Questions 554

Problems 556

Integrated Concepts 560

Problem-Solving Strategy 560

Unreasonable Results 562

Construct Your Own Problem 562

22 INDUCTION:AC CIRCUITS AND INSTRUMENTS 563

22.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux 564

22.2 Faraday s Law of Induction:Lenz s Law 565

22.3 Motional emf 567

22.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping 569

22.5 Electric Generators 570

22.6 Back emf 572

22.7 Transformers 573

22.8 Electrical Safely: Systems and Devices 575

22.9 Inductance 578

22.10 RL Circuits 580

22.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive 582

22.12 RLC Series AC Circuits 584

Summary 589

Conceptual Questions 591

Problems 592

Integrated Concepts 596

Construct Your Own Problem 597

Unreasonable Results 597

23 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 598

23.1 Maxwell s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed 599

23.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 600

23.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 602

Things Great and Small:A Submicroscopic View of X-ray Production 608

23.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves 609

Summary 611

Conceptual Questions 612

Problems 613

Integrated Concepts 615

Problem-Solving Strategy 615

Unreasonable Results 616

Construct Your Own Problem 616

24 GEOMETRIC OPTICS 617

24.1 The Ray Aspect of Light 618

24.2 The Law of Reflection 619

24.3 The Law of Refraction 620

24.4 Total Internal Reflection 623

24.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms 626

24.6 Image Formation by Lenses 628

24.7 Image Formation by Mirrors 636

24.8 Multiple Lenses and Mirrors 640

24.9 The Eye and Vision Correction 644

24.10 Color and Color Vision 650

Summary 652

Conceptual Questions 653

Problems 655

Unreasonable Results 660

Construct Your Own Problem 660

Integrated Concepts 660

25 WAVE OPTICS 661

25.1 The Wave Aspect of Light:Interference 662

25.2 Huygens s Principle: Diffraction 662

25.3 Young s Double Slit Experiment 664

25.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction 667

25.5 Single Slit Diffraction 669

25.6 Limits of Resolution:The Rayleigh Criterion 671

25.7 Thin Film Interference 674

25.8 Polarization 677

Things Great and Small: Atomic Explanation of Polaroid Filters 680

25.9 Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light 682

Summary 684

Conceptual Questions 685

Problems 686

Integrated Concepts 689

Unreasonable Results 690

Construct Your Own Problem 690

26 SPECIAL RELATIVITY 691

26.1 Einstein s Postulates 692

26.2 Time Dilation and Simultaneity 694

26.3 Length Contraction 699

26.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities 701

26.5 Relativistic Momentum 703

26.6 Relativistic Energy 704

Summary 708

Conceptual Questions 709

Problems 710

Problem-Solving Strategy 712

Unreasonable Results 712

Integrated Concepts 712

Construct Your Own Problem 713

27 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS: THE PARTICLE-WAVE DUALITY 714

27.1 Quantization of Energy 715

27.2 The Photoelectric Effect 717

27.3 Photons 719

27.4 Photon Momentum 724

27.5 The Particle-Wave Duality 727

27.6 The Wave Nature of Matter 727

Things Great and Small:A Submicroscopic Diffraction Grating 730

27.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 730

27.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed 734

Summary 735

Problems 736

Conceptual Questions 736

Integrated Concepts 738

Problem-Solving Strategy 739

Unreasonable Results 740

Construct Your Own Problem 740

28 ATOMIC PHYSICS 741

28.1 Discovery of the Atom 742

28.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom:Electrons and Nuclei 744

28.3 Bohr s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 749

28.4 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization 754

28.5 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quanlization 755

28.6 Quantum Numbers and Rules 757

28.7 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 760

28.8 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications 764

28.9 Applications of Atomic Excitations and Deexcitations 767

Summary 772

Conceptual Questions 774

Problems 775

Integrated Concepts 777

Unreasonable Results 778

Construct Your Own Problem 778

29 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 779

29.1 Nuclear Radioactivily 780

29.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors 783

29.3 Substructure of the Nucleus 786

29.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws 789

29.5 Half-Life and Activity 794

29.6 Binding Energy 799

Things Great and Small: Nuclear Decay Helps Explain Earth s Hot Interior 800

29.7 Tunneling 803

Summary 804

Conceptual Questions 805

Problems 806

Integrated Concepts 809

Problem-Solving Strategy 809

Unreasonable Results 810

Construct Your Own Problem 810

30 APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 811

30.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics 812

30.2 Fusion 814

30.3 Fission 818

30.4 Nuclear Weapons 822

30.5 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 825

30.6 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation 830

30.7 Food Irradiation 832

Summary 833

Conceptual Questions 834

Problems 836

Integrated Concepts 839

Unreasonable Results 839

Construct Your Own Problem 839

31 PARTICLE PHYSICS 840

31.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited 841

31.2 The Four Basic Forces 843

31.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy 845

31.4 Particles, Patterns,and Conservation Laws 848

31.5 Quarks-Is That All There Is? 852

31.6 GUTs, the Unification of Forces 858

Summary 861

Conceptual Questions 862

Problems 863

Integrated Concepts 865

Construct Your Own Problem 865

32 FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS 866

32.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics 867

32.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity 874

32.3 Superstrings 879

32.4 Dark Matter and Closure 879

32.5 Complexity and Chaos 883

32.6 High-Temperature Superconductors 885

32.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask 887

Summary 889

Conceptual Questions 889

Problems 890

Construct Your Own Problem 892

Epilogue 893