方言学 Dialectology 影印本PDF电子书下载

BACKGROUND 3

1 Dialect and language 3

1.1 Mutual intelligibility 3

1.2 Language,dialect and accent 4

1.3 Geographical dialect continua 5

1.4 Social dialect continua 7

1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy 9

1.6 Discreteness and continuity 12

Further information 12

2 Dialect geography 13

2.1 The impetus for dialect geography 13

2.2 An outline history of dialect geography 15

2.3 The methods of dialect geography 21

2.3.1 The questionnaire 21

2.3.2 Linguistic maps 25

2.3.3 The selection of informants 29

Further information 31

3 Dialectology and linguistics 32

3.1 Dialectology and philology 32

3.2 Structural dialectology 33

3.2.1 Inventory,distribution and incidence 36

3.2.2 Lexical correspondences 37

3.3 Generative dialectology 39

3.4 Polylectal grammars 42

Further information 44

4 Urban dialectology 45

4.1 Social dialects 45

4.2 Urban dialects 45

4.3 Representativeness 47

4.4 Obtaining data 48

4.5 Classifying informants 49

4.6 The linguistic variable 49

Further information 53

SOCIAL VARIATION 57

5 Social differentiation and language 57

5.1 Language and social class 57

5.2 Stylistic differentiation 59

5.3 Sex differentiation 61

5.4 Other aspects of social differentiation in language 63

5.4.1 Language and ethnic group 63

5.4.2 Social newtworks 64

5.4.3 Individual characteristics 67

Further information 68

6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation 70

6.1 Indicators and markers 70

6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation 72

6.1.2 Linguistic change 72

6.1.3 Phonological contrast 73

6.1.4 Stereotypes 75

6.2 The study of linguistic change 76

6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation 78

6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change 81

6.3.1 Stylistic variation 82

6.3.2 The role of sex 83

6.3.3 Covert prestige 85

Further information 86

SPATIAL VARIATION 89

7 Boundaries 89

7.1 Isoglosses 89

7.2 Patterns of isoglosses 91

7.2.1 Criss-cross 91

7.2.2 Transitions 93

7.2.3 Relic areas 94

7.3 Bundles 94

7.4 Grading of isoglosses 96

7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses 100

7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation 103

Further information 103

8 Transitions 104

8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition 104

8.2 Introduction to the variables 105

8.3 The transition zone for（u） 106

8.4 Mixed and fudged lects 110

8.5 The variable（a） 113

8.6 Transitions in general 118

8.7 Dialect variation and mapping 118

8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands 119

8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation 120

8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly 121

Further information 123

MECHANISMS OF VARIATION 127

9 Variability 127

9.1 The variable as a structural unit 127

9.1.1 Variability as accidental 128

9.1.2 Variability as essential 128

9.1.3 Variable constraints 130

9.2 Implicational scales 131

9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama 132

9.2.2 （C？）in northern England 133

9.3 Handling quantitative data 135

9.4 Quantifying geographic variables 136

9.4.1 Dialectometry 137

9.4.2 Multidimensional scaling 140

9.4.3 A transition zone in Ohio 142

9.4.4 Correspondence analysis of the matrix 144

9.4.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance 147

Further information 148

10 Diffusion:sociolinguistic and lexical 149

10.1 Real time and apparent time 149

10.1.1 Age-graded changes 151

10.2 Innovators of change 153

10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich 153

10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast 155

10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe 157

10.3 Lexical diffusion 159

Further information 165

11 Diffusion:geographical 166

11.1 Spatial diffusion of language 167

11.2 Spatial linguistics 167

11.3 Linguistic areas 168

11.4 Uvular /r/ in Europe 170

11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy 172

11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion 176

11.6.1 The Norwegian study 177

11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography 178

11.8 Further refinements to the model 185

Further information 186

12 Cohesion in dialectology 187

Further information 189

References 190

Index 198