UNIX 网络编程 卷1：连网的 API：套接字与 XTI 第2版PDF电子书下载

Part 1. Introduction and TCP/IP 1

Chapter1. Introduction 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 A Simple Daytime Client 6

1.3 Protocol Independence 9

1.4 Error Handling:Wrapper Functions 11

1.5 A Simple Daytime Server 13

1.6 Road Map to Client-Server Examples in the Text 16

1.7 OSI Model 18

1.8 BSD Networking History 19

1.9 Test Networks and Hosts 20

1.10 Unix Standards 24

1.11 64-bit Architectures 27

1.12 Summary 28

Chapter 2. The Transport Layer:TCP and UDP 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 The Big Picture 30

2.3 UDP:User Datagram Protoool 32

2.4 TCP:Transmission Control Protocol 32

2.5 TCP Connection Establishment and termination 34

2.6 TIME_WAIT State 40

2.7 Port Numbars 41

2.8 TCP Port Numbers and Concunent Servers 44

2.9 Buffer Sizes and Limitations 46

2.10 Standard Internet Servicas 50

2.11 Protocol Usage by Common Intemet Applications 52

2.12 Summary 52

Part 2. Elementary Sockets 55

Chapter 3. Sockets Interoductlon 57

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Socket Address Structuras 57

3.3 Value-Reaulf Arguments 63

3.4 Byte Ordering Functions 66

3.5 Byte Manipulation Functions 69

3.6 inet_aton,inet_addr,and inet_ntoa Functions 70

3.7 inet_pton and inet _ntop Functions 72

3.8 sock_ntop and Related Functions 75

3.9 readn,writen,and readline Functions 77

3.10 isfdtype Function 81

3.11 Summary 82

Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets 85

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 socket Function 85

4.3 connect Function 89

4.4 bind Function 91

4.5 listen Funcion 99

4.6 accept Function 99

4.7 fork and exec Functions 102

4.8 Concurrent Servers 104

4.10 getaockname and getpeername Functions 107

4.9 close Function 107

4.11 Summary 110

Chapter 5. TCP Cllent -Server Example 111

5.1 Introduction 111

5.2 TCP Echo Server:main Function 112

5.3 TCP Echo Server:str_echo Function 113

5.4 TCP Echo Client:main Function 113

5.5 TCP Echo Client :str_cli Function 115

5.6 Normal Startup 115

5.7 Normal Termination 117

5.8 Posix Signal Handling 119

5.9 Handling SIGCHLD Signals 122

5.10 wait and waitpid Functions 124

5.11 Connection Abort before accept Returns 129

5.12 Termination of Server Process 130

5.13 SIGPIPE Signal 132

5.14 Crashing of Server Host 133

5.15 Crashing and Rebooling of Server Host 134

5.16 Shutdown of Server Host 135

5.17 Summary of TCP Example 135

5.18 Data Format 137

5.19 Summary 140

Chapter 6. I/O Multlplexing:The select and Poll Functlons 143

6.1 Introduction 143

6.2 I/O Models 144

6.3 select Function 150

6.4 str_cli Function(Revisited) 155

6.5 Batch Input 157

6.6 shut down Function 160

6.7 str_cli Function(Revisited Again) 161

6.8 TCP Echo Server(Revisited) 162

6.9 pselect Function 168

6.10 poll Function 169

6.11 TCP Echo Server(Revisited Again) 172

6.1.2 Summary 175

Chapter 7. Socket Options 177

7.1 Introduction 177

7.3 Checking if an Option is Supported and Oblaining the Defaulf 178

7.2 get sockopt and setsockopt Functions 178

7.4 Socket States 183

7.5 Generic Socket Options 183

7.6 IPv4 Socket Options 197

7.7 ICMPv6 Socket Option 199

7.8 IPv6 Socket Options 199

7.9 TCP Socket Options 201

7.10 fcntl Function 205

7.11 Summary 207

Chapter 8. Elamentary UDP Sockets 211

8.1 Introduction 211

8.2 recvfrom and sendto functions 212

8.3 UDP Echo Server main Function 213

8.4 UDP Echo Server:dg_echo Function 214

8.5 UDP Echo Client:main Function 216

8.6 UDP Echo Client:dg_cli Function 217

8.7 Lost Datagrams 217

8.8 Verifying Received Rasponse 218

8.9 Server Not Running 220

8.10 Summary of UDP example 221

8.11 connect Function with UDP 224

8.12 dg_cli Funclion(Revisited) 227

8.13 Lack of Flow Control with UDP 228

8.14 Determining Outgoing interface with UDP 231

8.15 TCP and UDP Echo Server Using Select 233

8.16 Summary 235

Chapter9. Elementary Name and Address Converslons 237

9.1 Introduction 237

9.2 Domain Name Systern 237

9.3 gethostbyname Function 240

9.4 RES_USE_INET6 Resolver Option 245

9.5 gethostbyname2 Function and IPv6 Support 246

9.7 Uname Function 249

9.8 gethostname Function 250

9.9 getservbyname and getservbyport Functions 251

9.10 Other Networking Information 255

9.11 Summary 256

Part 3. Advanced Sockets 259

Chapter 10. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability 261

10.1 Introduction 261

10.2 IPv4 Client,IPv6 Server 262

10.3 IPv6 Client,IPv4 Server 265

10.4 IPv6 Address Testing Macros 267

10.5 IPV6 ADDRFORM Socket Option 268

10.6 Source Code Portability 270

10.7 Summary 271

Chapter11. Advanced Name and Address Corrverslons 273

11.1 Introduction 273

11.2 getaddrinto Function 273

11.3 gai_strerror Function 278

11.4 freeaddrinfo Function 279

11.5 getaddrinfo Function:IPv6 and Unix Domain 279

11.6 getaddrin fo Function:Examples 282

11.7 host_serv Function 284

11.8 tcp_connect Function 285

11.9 tcp_listen Function 288

11.10 udp_client Function 293

11.11 udp_connect Function 295

11.12 udp-server Function 296

11.13 getnameinfo Function 298

11.14 Reentrant Functions 300

11.15 gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Functions 303

11.16 Implementation of getnameinfo and getnaceinfo Functions 305

11.17 Summary 328

Chapter 12. Daemon Processes and inetd Superserver 331

12.1 Introduction 331

12.2 syslogd Daemon 332

12.3 eyslog Funetion 333

12.4 daemon_init Function 335

12.5 inetd Daemon 339

12.6 daemon_inetd Function 344

12.7 Summary 346

13.1 Introduction 349

13.2 Socket Timeouts 349

Chapter 13. Advanced I/O Funetions 349

13.3 recv and send Functions 354

13.4 readv and writev Functions 357

13.5 recvmsg and sendmsg Funetions 358

13.6 Ancillary Data 362

13.7 How Much Data Is Queued? 365

13.8 Sockets and Standard I/O 366

13.9 T/TCP:TCP for Transactions 369

13.10 Summary 371

Chapter 14. Unlx Domain Protocols 373

14.1 Introduction 373

14.2 Unix Domain Socket Address Structure 374

14.3 SocketPair Function 376

14.4 Socket Functions 377

14.5 Unix Domain Stream Client-Server 378

14.6 Unix Domain Datagram Client-Server 379

14.7 Passing Descriptors 381

14.8 Receiving Sender Credentials 390

14.9 Summary 394

Chapter 15. Nonblocking I/O 397

15.1 Introduction 397

15.2 Nonblecking Reads and Writes:str_cli Function(Revisited) 399

15.3 Nonblocking connect 409

15.4 Nonblocking connect: Daytime Client 410

15.5 Nonblocking connect:Web Client 413

15.6 Nonblocking accept 422

15.7 Summary 424

Chapter 16. ioctl Operations 425

16.1 introduction 425

16.2 ioctl Function 426

16.3 Socket Operations 426

16.4 File Operations 427

16.5 Interface Configuration 428

16.6 get_ifi_ info Function 429

16.7 Interface Operations 439

16.8 ARP Cache Operations 440

16.9 Routing Table Operations 442

16.10 Summary 443

17.1 *Introduction 445

Chapter 17. Routing Sockets 445

17.2 Datailnk Socket Address Structure 446

17.3 Reading and Writing 447

17.4 sysctl Operations 454

17.5 get_ifi_info Function 459

17.6 Interlace Name and Index Functions 463

17.7 Summary 467

Chapter 18. Broadcasting 469

18.1 Introduction 469

18.2 Broadcast Addresses 470

18.3 Unlcast versus Broadcast 472

18.4 dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting 475

18.5 Race Conditions 478

18.6 Summary 486

Chapter 19. Multicasting 487

19.1 Introduction 487

19.2 Multicast Addressas 487

19.3 Multicasting versus Broadcasting on A LAN 490

19.4 Multicasting on a WAN 493

19.5 Multicast Socket Options 495

19.6 mcast_join and Related Functions 499

19.7 dg_cli Function Using Muiticasting 502

19.8 Receiving MBone Session Announcements 504

19.9 Sending and Receiving 507

19.10 SNTP:Simple Network Time Protocol 510

19.11 SNTP(Continued) 515

19.12 Summary 528

Chapter 20. Advanced UDP Sockets 531

20.1 Introduction 531

20.2 Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address,and Interface Index 532

20.3 Datagram Truncation 539

20.4 When to Use UDP Instead Of TCP 539

20.5 Adding Reliability to a UDP Application 542

20.6 Binding Interface Addresses 553

20.7 Concurrent UDP Servers 557

20.8 IPv6 Packet Information 560

20.9 Summary 562

Chapter 21. Out-of-Band Data 565

21.1 Introduction 565

21.2 TCP Out-of-Band Data 565

21.3 sockatmark Function 572

21.4 TCP out-of-Band Data Summary 580

21.5 Client-Server Heartbaat Functions 581

21.6 Summary 586

Chapter 22. Signal-Driven I/O 589

22.1 Introduction 589

22.2 Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets 590

22.3 UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO 592

22.4 Summary 598

23.1 Introduction 601

Chapter 23. Threads 601

23.2 Basic Thread Functions:Creation and Termination 602

23.3 str_cli Function Using Threads 605

23.4 TCP Echo Server Using Threads 607

23.5 Thread-Spacific Data 611

23.6 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections(Continued) 620

23.7 Mutexes:Mutual Exclusion 622

23.8 Condition Variables 627

23.9 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections(Continued) 631

23.10 Summary 633

24.2 IPv4 Options 635

24.1 Introduction 635

Chapter 24. IP Options 635

24.3 IPv4 Source Route Cotions 637

24.4 IPv6 Extension Headers 645

24.5 IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options 645

24.6 IPv6 Routing Header 649

24.7 IPv6 Sticky Options 653

24.8 Summary 654

Chapter 25. Raw Sockets 655

25.1 Introduction 655

25.2 Raw Socket Creation 655

25.3 Raw Socket Output 657

25.4 Raw Socket Input 659

25.5 Ping Program 661

25.6 Traceroute Program 672

25.7 An ICMP Message Daemon 685

25.8 Summary 702

Chapter 26. Datallnk Access 703

26.1 Introductlon 703

26.2 BPF:BSD Packet Filter 704

26.3 DLPI:Data Link Provlder Intertace 706

26.4 Linux:socx_Packet 707

26.5 Iibpcap:Packet Capture Library 707

26.6 Examining the UDP Checksum Field 708

26.7 Summary 725

27.1 Introduction 727

Chapter 27. Client-Server Design Alternatives 727

27.2 TCP Client Alternatives 730

27.3 TCP Text Client 730

27.4 TCP lterative Server 732

27.5 TCP Concurrent Server,One Child per Client 732

27.6 TCP Preforked Server,No Locking around accept 736

27.7 TCP Preforked Server,File Locking around accept 742

27.8 TCP Preforked Server,Thread Locking around accept 745

27.9 TCP Preforked Server,Descriptor Passing 746

27.10 TCP Concurrent Server,One Thread Per Client 752

27.11 TCP Prefhreaded Server,Per-Thread accept 754

27.12 TCP Prethreaded Server,Main Thread accept 756

27.13 Summary 759

Part 4. XTI:X/Open Transport Interface 761

Chapter 28. XTI:TCP Cllents 763

28.1 Introduction 763

28.2 t_open Function 764

28.3 t_error and t strerror Functions 767

28.4 net buf Structures and XTI Structures 769

28.5 t_bind Function 770

28.6 t_connect Function 772

28.7 t_rcv and t_snd Functions 773

28.8 t-look Function 774

28.9 t_sindrel and t_revrel Functions 775

28.10 t_snddis and t_rcvdis Functions 777

28.11 XTI TCP Daytime Cllent 778

28.12 xli_rdwr Function 781

28.13 Summary 782

Chapter 29. XTI:Name and Address Funetions 783

29.1 Introduction 783

29.2 /etc/netconfig File and netconfig Functions 784

29.3 NETPATH Varlable and netpath Functions 785

29.4 netdir Functions 786

29.5 t_alloc and t_free Functions 788

29.6 t_getprotaddr Functions 790

29.7 xti_ntop Function 791

29.8 tcp_connect Function 792

29.9 Summary 796

30.1 Introduction 797

Chapter 30. XTI:TCP Servers 797

30.2 t_listen Function 799

30.3 tep_listen Function 800

30.4 t_accept Function 802

30.5 xti_accept Function 803

30.6 Simple Daytime Server 804

30.7 Multiple Pending Connections 806

30.8 xti_accept Function(Revisited) 808

30.9 Summary 816

Chapter 31. XTI:UDP Cllents and Servers 819

31.1 Introduction 819

31.2 t_rcvudata and t_sndudata Functions 819

31.3 udp_client Function 820

31.4 t_rcvuderr Function:Asynchronous Errors 824

31.5 udp_server Function 826

31.6 Reading a Datagram in Pieces 829

31.7 Summary 831

Chapter 32. XTI Options 833

32.1 Introduction 833

32.2 t_opthdr Structure 835

32.3 XTI Options 837

32.4 t_optmgmt Function 840

32.5 Checking If an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Defaulf 841

32.6 Getting and Setting XTI Options 844

32.7 Summary 848

Chapter 33. Streams 849

33.1 Introduction 849

33.2 Overview 850

33.3 getmsg and putmsg Functions 854

33.4 getpmsg and putpmsg Functions 855

33.5 ioctl Function 855

33.6 TPI:Transport Provlder Interface 856

33.7 Summary 866

Chapter 34. XTI:Additional Functions 867

34.1 Introduction 867

34.2 Nonblocking I/O 867

34.3 t_rcvconnect Function 868

34.4 t_getinfo Function 869

34.5 t_getstate Function 869

34.6 t_sync Function 870

34.7 t_unbind Function 872

34.8 t_rcvv and t_rcvvudata Functions 872

34.9 t_andv and t_sndvudata Functions 873

34.10 t_rcvreldata and t_sndreldata Functions 874

34.11 Signal-Driven I/O 874

34.12 Out-of-Band Data 875

34.13 Loopback Transport Providers 880

34.14 Summary 881

A.2 IPv4 Header 883

A.1 Introduction 883

Appendlx A. IPv4,IPv6,ICMPv4,and ICMPv6 883

A.3 IPv6 Header 885

A.4 IPv4 Addresses 887

A.5 IPv6 Addresses 892

A.6 ICMPv4 and ICMPv6:Internet Control Message Protocol 896

Appendix B. Virtual Networks 899

B.1 Introduction 899

B.2 The MBone 899

B.3 The 6bone 901

Appendix C. Debugglng Techniques 903

C.1 Systern Call Tracing 903

C.3 sock Program 908

C.2 Standard Intmet Sarvices 908

C.4 Small Test Prograrns 911

C.5 tcpdump Prograrn 913

C.6 netstat Prograrn 914

C.7 Isof Prograrn 914

AppendlX D. Mlacelianeous Source Code 915

D.1 unp.h Header 915

D.2 config,h Header 919

D.3 unpxti.h Header 920

D.4 Standard Error Functions 922

Appendix E Solutlons to Selected Exerclsss 925

Blbllography 963

Index 971