现代电力系统分析PDF电子书下载

1．Introduction 1

1.1 A Perspective 1

1.2 Structure of Power Systems 10

1.3 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy 13

1.4 Renewable Energy Sources 25

1.5 Energy Storage 28

1.6 Growth of Power Systems in India 29

1.7 Energy Conservation 31

1.8 Deregulation 33

1.9 Distributed and Dispersed Generation 34

1.10　Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation 35

1.11　Power System Engineers and Power System Studies 39

1.12　Use of Computers and Microprocessors 39

1.13　Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices 40

References 43

2．Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines 45

2.1 Introduction 45

2.2 Definition of Inductance 45

2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor 46

2.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line 50

2.5 Conductor Types 51

2.6 Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group 53

2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines 54

2.8 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines 59

2.9 Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines 66

2.10　Bundled Conductors 68

2.11　Resistance 70

2.12　Skin Effect and Proximity Effect 71

Problems 72

References 75

3．Capacitance of Transmission Lines 76

3.1 Introduction 76

3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor 76

3.3 Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors 77

3.4 Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line 78

3.5 Capacitance of a Thfee-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing 80

3.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing 81

3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance 83

3.8 Method of GMD(Modified) 91

3.9 Bundled Conductors 92

Problems 93

References 94

4．Representation of Power System Components 95

4.1 Introduction 95

4.2 Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks 95

4.3 One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram 98

4.4 Per Unit(PU)System 99

4.5 Complex Power 105

4.6 Synchronous Machine 108

4.7 Representation of Loads 121

Problems 125

References 127

5．Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines 128

5.1 Introduction 128

5.2 Short Transmission Line 129

5.3 Medium Transmission Line 137

5.4 The Long Transmission Line—Rigorous Solution 139

5.5 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations 143

5.6 Ferranti Effect 150

5.7 Tuned Power Lines 151

5.8 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line 152

5.9 Power Flow through a Transmission Line 158

5.10 Methods of Voltage Control 173

Problems 180

References 183

6．Load Flow Studies 184

6.1 Introduction 184

6.2 Network Model Formulation 185

6.3 Formation of YBUS by Singular Transformation 189

6.4 Load Flow Problem 196

6.5 Gauss-Seidel Method 204

6.6 Newton-Raphson(NR)Method 213

6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Methods 222

6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods 228

6.9 Control of Voltage Profile 230

Problems 236

References 239

7．Optimal System Operation 242

7.1 Introduction 242

7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar 243

7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment(UC) 250

7.4 Reliability Considerations 253

7.5 Optimum Generation Scheduling 259

7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution 270

7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System 276

Problems 284

References 286

8．Automatic Generation and Voltage Control 290

8.1 Introduction 290

8.2 Load Frequency Control(Single Area Case) 291

8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control 305

8.4 Two-Area Load Frequency Control 307

8.5 Optimal(Two-Area)Load Frequency Control 310

8.6 Automatic Voltage Control 318

8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints(GRCs) 320

8.8 Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC 321

8.9 Digital LF Controllers 322

8.10　Decentralized Control 323

Problems 324

References 325

9．Symmetrical Fault Analysis 327

9.1 Introduction 327

9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line 328

9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine(On No Load) 330

9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine 339

9.5 Selection of Circuit Breakers 344

9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies 349

9.7　ZBUs Formulation 355

Problems 363

References 368

10．Symmetrical Components 369

10.1 Introduction 369

10.2　Symmetrical Component Transformation 370

10.3 Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers 377

10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines 379

10.5　Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System 381

10.6　Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine 381

10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines 385

10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers 386

10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System 389

Problems 393

References 396

11．Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 397

11.1 Introduction 397

11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults 398

11.3 Single Line-To-Ground(LG)Fault 399

11.4 Line-To-Line(LL)Fault 402

11.5 Double Line-To-Ground(LLG)Fault 404

11.6 Open Conductor Faults 414

11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults 416

Problems 427

References 432

12．Power System stability 433

12.1 Introduction 433

12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine 435

12.3 Power Angle Equation 440

12.4 Node Elimination Technique 444

12.5 Simple Systems 451

12.6 Steady State Stability 454

12.7 Transient Stability 459

12.8　Equal Area Criterion 461

12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation 480

12.10　Multimachine Stability 487

12.11　Some Factors Affecting Transient Stability 496

Problems 506

References 508

13．Power System Security 510

13.1 Introduction 510

13.2 System State Classification 512

13.3 Security Analysis 512

13.4 Contingency Analysis 516

13.5 Sensitivity Factors 520

13.6 Power System Voltage Stability 524

References 529

14．An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems 531

14.1 Introduction 531

14.2 Least Squares Estimation:The Basic Solution 532

14.3 Static State Estimation of Power Systems 538

14.4 Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems 544

14.5 Some Computational Considerations 544

14.6　External System Equivalencing 545

14.7 Treatment of Bad Data 546

14.8 Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements 549

14.9 Application of Power System State Estimation 550

Problems 552

References 553

15．Compensation in Power Systems 556

15.1　Introduction 556

15.2　Loading Capability 557

15.3 Load Compensation 557

15.4　Line Compensation 558

15.5 Series Compensation 559

15.6　Shunt Compensators 562

15.7 Comparison between STATCOM and SVC 565

15.8　Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS) 566

15.9 Principle and Operation of Converters 567

15.10　Facts Controllers 569

References 574

16．Load Forecasting Technique 575

16.1 Introduction 575

16.2　Forecasting Methodology 577

16.3 Estimation of Average and Trend Terms 577

16.4　Estimation of Penodic Components 581

16.5　Estimation of ys(k):Time Series Approach 582

16.6 Estimation of Stochastic Component:Kalman Filtering Approach 583

16.7　Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models 587

16.8 Reactive Load Forecast 587

References 589

17．Voltage Stability 591

17.1 Introduction 591

17.2　Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability 592

17.3　Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse 593

17.4 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem 593

17.5　Voltage Stability Analysis 597

17.6 Prevention of Voltage Collapse 600

17.7　State-of-the-Art,Future Trends and Challenges 601

References 603

Appendix A：Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra 605

Appendix B：Generalized Circuit Constants 617

Appendix C：Triangular Factorization and Optimal Ordering 623

Appendix D：Elements of Power System Jacobian Matrix 629

Appendix E：Kuhn-Tucker Theorem 632

Appendix F：Real-time Computer Control of Power Systems 634

Appendix G：Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK 640

Answers to Problems 679

Index 685