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现代地理学辞典
现代地理学辞典

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历史地理

  • 电子书积分:23 积分如何计算积分?
  • 作 者:左大康主编
  • 出 版 社:北京:商务印书馆
  • 出版年份:1990
  • ISBN:7100008514
  • 页数:863 页
图书介绍:本书选辞2726条,分总论、自然地理学、人文地理、经济地理学、地图学、遥感与地理信息系统等四大部分。
《现代地理学辞典》目录

一 地理学(geography) 1

地理学(geography) 1

地理学思想史(history of geographical thought) 3

地理学哲学(geographical philosophy) 4

理论地理学(theoretical geography) 5

元地理学(metageography) 6

统一地理学(unified geography) 6

地理学二元论(geographical dualism) 7

系统地理学(systems geography) 8

实验地理学(experimental geography) 9

应用地理学(applied geography) 10

建设地理学(reconstruction geography) 11

全息地理学(holographic geography) 11

地球表层学(epigeosphere science) 12

行星地理学(planetary geography) 13

人类地理学(anthropogeography) 13

人类生态学(human ecology) 14

计量地理学(quantitative geography) 15

数量地理学(quantitative geography),参见“计量地理学” 15

统计地理学(statistical geography) 15

数理地理学(mathematical geography) 15

地理学方法论(geographical methodology) 16

比较地理学(comparative geography) 18

时间地理学(time geography) 18

区域地理学(regional geography) 19

地志学(chorography) 20

景观学(landscape science) 21

生态地理学(ecogeography) 22

驯化地理学(geography of domestication) 23

部门地理学(sectorial geography) 23

自然地理学(physical geography) 88

气候学(ciimatology) 116

地貌学(geomorphology) 169

水文地理学(hydrogeography) 253

生物地理学(biogeography) 311

土壤地理学(pedogeography) 346

环境地理学(environmental geography) 368

化学地理学(chemical geography) 388

医学地理学(medical geography) 408

海洋地理学(marine geography) 421

灾害地理学(hazard geography) 24

古地理学(paleogeography) 443

人文地理学(human geography) 468

资源地理学(geography of resources) 505

经济地理学(economic geography) 469

人口地理学(population geography) 658

聚落地理学(settlement geography) 671

旅游地理学(geography of tourism) 702

政治地理学(political geography) 719

军事地理学(military geography) 722

社会地理学(social geography) 725

民族地理学(ethnic geography) 727

文化地理学(cultural geography) 729

历史地理学(historical geography) 735

行为地理学(behavioural geography) 25

感应地理学(perception geography) 26

地图学(cartography) 741

地名学(toponomanistics) 804

遥感(remote sensing) 806

地理信息系统(geographical information system) 844

地理学教育(geographical education) 26

地理环境决定论(environmental determinism) 27

二 理论地理学(theoretical geography) 29

地理因子(geographical factors) 29

地理单元(geographical unit) 29

地理空间(geographical space) 29

地理过程(geographical process) 29

地理结构(geographical structure) 30

地理模型(geographical model) 30

地理模拟(geographical simulation) 30

地理预测(geographical forecasting) 30

地理风险决策(risk decision-making in geography) 31

地理优化(geographical optimization) 31

地理集(geographical set) 31

地理质量(geographical quality) 31

地理因果律(Law of causation in geography) 31

地理熵(geographical entropy) 32

地理流(geographical flow) 32

地理势(geographical potential) 32

地理矩(geographical moment) 32

地理谱(geographical spectrum) 33

宏观地域结构(macroscepic structure of region) 33

微观地域结构(microseopic structure of region) 33

地理场(geographical field) 33

地理空间效应(spatial effect in geography) 34

地理有序性(geographical ordering) 34

地理环境应力(stress of geographical environment) 34

地理等级包容(ordering serie in geosystem) 34

区域生产潜力(productive potential of region) 35

地理耗散结构(geographical dissipative structure) 35

地理拓扑空间(topological space in geography) 35

地理网络(geographical network) 35

地理同异互补论(complementation of similarity and wariability in geography) 36

地理连续过渡说(continuity theory of geography) 36

地理趋稳性(trend to stability in geography) 36

地理节律性(geographical rhythm) 36

空间地理方程(spatial equation in geography) 36

地理时空耦合(temporal and spatial coupling in geography) 37

“竞分三故”论(three categories of resource competition) 37

地理“二难”论(geographical dilemma) 37

地理边缘效应(boundary effect in geography) 37

地理迟滞效应(retarding effect in geography) 38

地理中心效应(central effect in geography) 38

地理循环(geographical cycle) 38

地理空间对策(spatial strategy in geography) 38

对抗性原理(principle of antagonism) 38

地理界线(geographical boundary) 39

三 系统地理学(systems geography) 39

地理系统(geosystem) 39

地理功能(geographical function) 39

地理系统黑箱分析(black-box analysis of geosystem) 39

地理灰色系统(grey geosystem) 40

地理分室模型(compartment model of geosystem) 40

地理反馈(geographical feedback) 40

地理系统分类(classification of geosystem) 41

地理动态系统(dynamic geosystem) 41

地理系统识别(discernment of geosysten) 41

地理仿真(geographical simulation) 42

生命支持系统(life-support system) 42

区域承载力(load bearing capacity of region) 42

地理系统边界(boundary of geosystem) 42

地理阈值(geographical threshold) 43

局域平衡(local equilibrium) 43

地理系统稳定性(stability of geosystem) 43

地理系统敏感性(sensitivity of geosystem) 43

地理奇异吸引子(strange attractor of geosystem) 44

地理突变论(geographical catastrophe) 44

地理协同论(geographical synergetics) 44

地理系统检验(examination of geosystem) 44

地理参数(geographical parameter) 45

地理状态变量(state variable of geosystem) 45

地理系统的连锁反应(chain reaction of geosystem) 45

地理系统的冗余水平(redundant level of geosystem) 45

地理形状指标(shape index in geography) 46

四 实验地理学(experimental geography) 46

土壤—植物—大气连续系统(soil-plant-atmosphere continue system) 46

流域实验网络(catchment experiment net) 46

地理数据采集系统(geographical data-logging system) 46

地理定位实验研究(geographical experimental study with a fixed location) 47

地理定位站(geographical fixed position station) 48

地理实验原理(principle of geographical experiment) 48

五 应用地理学(applied geography) 49

区域开发(regional development) 49

地理评价(geographical appraisal) 50

区域管理(regional management) 50

区域优化(regional optimization) 51

区域决策(regional decision-making) 51

区域形状指数(regional shape index) 51

六 数量地理学(quantitative geography) 52

地理计量革命(quantitative revolution in geography) 52

地理计量方法(quantitation technique in geography) 52

地理多元统计分析(multivariate statistics in geography) 52

生命历程模型(life process model) 53

质量衰减模型(quality decay model) 53

距离衰减函数(distance decay function) 54

蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte-Carlo simulation) 54

随机步行规则(rules of random walks) 54

周期过程分析(periodic process analysis) 55

马尔可夫(链)过程(Markov process) 55

地理空间自相关(spatial autocorrelation in geography) 55

趋势面分析(trend-surface analysis) 56

主成分分析(principal components analysis) 56

决策树分析(decision tree analysis) 57

多目标分析(multi-objective analysis) 57

判别分析(discriminating analysis) 58

聚类分析(clustering analysis) 58

地理近邻分析(nearest-neigh bour analysis in geography) 58

地理网络优化(geographical network optimization) 58

地理引力模型(gravity models in geography) 59

投入—产出模型(input-output model) 60

成本—效益分析(cost-benefit analysis) 60

点状空间分布测度(measures of point patternspatial distribution) 61

七 地理发现与地理探险(great discoveries of geography and geographical explore)地理大发现(great discoveries of geography) 61

丝绸之路(Silk Road) 62

南极探险(Antarctic exploration) 62

北极探险(Arctic exploration) 63

张骞(Zhang Qian) 64

郑和(Zheng He) 64

《法显传》(Biography of Fa Xian) 64

《大唐西域记》(Da Tang Xi Yu Ji) 64

马可·波罗(Marco Polo) 65

伊本·巴图塔(Ibn-Batuta) 65

哥伦布(Christoforo Colombus) 65

亚美利哥(Vespucci Amerigo) 66

麦哲伦(Ferdinand Magellan) 66

库克(James Cook) 66

八地理著作与地理学家(geographers and geographical works) 67

裴秀(Pei Xiu) 67

贾耽(Jia Dan) 67

徐霞客(Xu Xiake) 67

刘献廷(Liu Xianting) 68

孙兰(Sun Lan) 68

杨守敬(Yang Shoujing) 69

张相文(Zhang Xiangwen) 69

竺可桢(Zhu Kezhen) 69

埃拉托色尼(Eratosthenes) 69

托勒密(Claudius Ptolemaeus) 70

伊德里西(Al-Idrisi) 70

希罗多德(Herodotus) 70

墨卡托(Gerhardus Mercator) 71

瓦伦纽斯(Bernhardus Varenius) 71

洪堡(Alexander von Humboldt) 72

李特尔(Carl Ritter) 73

道库恰也夫(Vasiliy Vasilyevich Dokuchayev) 73

柯本(Wladimir Peter K?ppen) 73

戴维斯(William Morris Davis) 74

阿·彭克(Albrecht Penck) 74

赫特纳(Alfred Hettner) 75

麦金德(Halford Mackinder) 75

白吕纳(Jean Brunhes) 76

马东南(Emmanual de Martonne) 76

贝尔格(Lev Simenovich Berg) 76

鲍曼(Isaiah Bowman) 77

索尔(Carl Sauer) 77

巴朗斯基(Nikolay Nikolaevich Baranskiy) 77

瓦·彭克(Walther Penck) 78

哈特向(Richard Hartshorne) 78

萨乌什金(Yulian Glebovich Saushkin) 79

格拉西莫夫(Innoketiy Petrovich Gerasimov) 79

乔莱(Richard John Chorley) 80

《山海经》(Shan Hai Jing) 80

《五藏山经》(Wu Zang Shan Jing) 80

《禹贡》(Yu Gong) 81

《管子·地员篇》(Agriculture,Chapter of Guan Zi) 81

《汉书·地理志》(Han Shu,Di Li Zhi) 81

《水经注》(Shui Jing Zhu,Notes to the book of rivers) 81

《元和郡县志》(Yuan He Jun Xian Zhi,Records of Jun and Xian during the Yuan He period) 82

《天下郡国利病书》(Tian Xia Jun Guo Li Bing Shu) 82

《读史方舆纪要》(Du Shi Fang Yu Ji Yao) 83

《海国图志》(Hai Guo Tu Zhi) 83

《华夷图》(Hua Yi Map) 83

《禹迹图》(Yu Ji Map) 84

《宇宙》(Cosmos:Skeich of a physical Description of the 84

Universe) 84

《比较地理学》(Comparative Geography) 84

《历史的地理枢纽》(The Geographical Pivot of History) 85

《地理学,它的历史、性质和方法》(Die Geographie,ihre Geschichte,ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden) 85

《地理学的性质》(Nature of Geography) 85

《地理学性质的透视》(Perspective on the Nature of Geography) 86

《地理学思想史》(All Possible Worlds,A History of Geographical Ideas) 86

《地理学的解释》(Explanation in Geography) 86

自然地理学(physical geography) 88

一 综合自然地理学(integrated physical geography) 88

自然地理学(physical geography) 88

综合自然地理学(integrated physical geography) 89

普通自然地理学(general physical geography) 89

地理壳(geographical crust) 89

景观壳(landscape crust) 90

表成地圈(epigeosphere) 90

智能圈(noosphere) 90

自然地理环境(physical geographic environment) 90

自然综合体(natural complex) 91

地域自然综合体(territorial natural complex),参见“自然综合体” 91

自然—技术地理系统(natural-technical geosystem) 91

自然地理结构(physical geographic structure) 91

自然地理动态(physical geographic dynamics) 91

自然地理过程(physical geographic process) 92

自然地理界线(physical geographic boundary) 92

自然地理尺度(scale in physical geography) 92

自然地域分异规律(rule of regional differentiation) 92

地理地带性周期律(the periodic law of geographical zonality) 93

地表物质迁移(matter migration on earth surface) 93

地表能量转换(energy transformation on earth surface) 94

热量水分平衡(heat and water balance) 94

地表物质循环(matter cycle on earth surface) 95

地生态学(geoecology) 96

生态系统(ecosystem) 96

生物地理群落(biogeocoenosis) 96

生物圈中的营养级(trophic levels in the biosphere) 97

生态平衡(ecological balance) 97

净第一性生产力(net primary productivity) 98

农业生产潜力(agricultural potential productivity) 99

生物生产力(biological productivity) 100

作物—气候生产潜力(crop-climatical potential productivity) 100

光合潜力(photosynthetic potential productivity) 101

光温潜力(photosynthesis-temperature potential productivity) 101

光能利用率(utilization ratio of sunlight energy) 102

自然灾害(natural hazard) 102

自然保护(nature conservation) 103

自然保护区(nature reserve) 103

荒漠化(desertification) 103

区域自然地理学(regional physicogeography) 104

地带性(zonality) 104

非地带性(azonality) 104

垂直地带性(altitudinal zonality) 105

三维地带性(three dimensional zonality) 105

山体效应(mountain mass effect) 105

自然区划(physicogeographical regionalization) 105

自然区划等级系统(hierarchic system of physicalgeographic regionalization) 106

自然地带(physicalgeographic zone) 106

荒漠(desert) 107

戈壁(gobi) 107

草原(steppe) 107

苔原(tundra) 107

沼泽(swamp) 108

高位沼泽(raised bog) 108

中位沼泽(transitional mire) 108

低位沼泽(fen) 109

泥炭沼泽(peat bog) 109

潜育沼泽(glei bog) 109

景观学(landscape science) 21

景观(landscape) 109

地方(mestnost) 109

限区(urochishche) 109

相(facies) 110

自然景观(natural landscape) 110

文化景观(cultural landscape) 730

景观形态(landscape morphology) 110

景观结构(landscape structure) 110

景观功能(landscape function) 110

景观诊断(landscape diagnosis) 110

景观动态(landscape dynamics),参见“自然地理动态” 111

景观生态学(landscape ecology) 111

景观生态规划(landscape ecological planning) 111

景观预测(landscape prognosis) 111

土地(land,terrain) 111

土地系统(land system) 112

土地生态系统(land ecosystem) 112

土地分级(land level) 112

土地分类(land classification) 112

土地类型(land type),参见“土地分类” 113

土地单元(land unit) 113

土地相(land phase) 113

土地链(land catena) 113

土地资源(land resource) 507

土地资源分类(land resource classification) 113

土地适宜性(land suitability) 114

土地限制性(land limitativity) 114

土地质量(land quality) 114

土地自然属性(natural attribute of land) 114

土地社会经济属性(social ecoromic attribute of land) 114

土地生产力(land productivity) 115

土地评价(land evaluation) 115

土地规划(land planning) 115

土地调查(land survey) 115

土地退化(land degradation) 116

土地改良(land amelioration) 116

土地潜在人口承载力(land potential capacity for carrying population) 116

二 气候学(climatology) 116

通论(generals) 116

气候学(climatology) 116

天气气候学(synoptic climatology) 117

物理动力气候学(physico-dynamical climatology) 117

生物气候学(bioclimatology) 117

应用气候学(applied climatology) 118

农业气候学(agricultural climatology,agroclimatology) 118

卫星气候学(satellite climatology) 118

区域气候学(regional climatology) 118

统计气候学(statistical clinmtology) 118

高空气候学(aeroclimatology) 119

综合气候学(complex climatology) 119

海洋气候学(marine climatology) 119

地形气候学(topoclimatology) 119

环境气候学(environmental climatology) 120

物候学(phenology) 120

年轮气候学(dendroclimatology) 121

气候(climate) 121

气候(climate) 121

天文气候(solar climate) 121

大气候(macroclimate) 122

中气候(mesoclimate) 122

山地气候(mountain climate) 122

城市气候(urban climate) 122

小气候(microclimate) 122

农田小气候(field microclimate) 123

人工小气候(artificial microclimate) 123

气候系统(climate system) 123

气候要素(climatic element) 123

气候预报(climatic forecast) 124

气候诊断(climatic diagnosis) 124

气候灾害(climatic hazard) 124

干热风(dry-hot wind) 124

冻害(freezing injury) 125

冷害(cool injury) 125

气候分类(climatic classifcation) 125

柯本气候分类(K?ppen's climatic classification) 125

气候区划(climatic regionalization) 126

湿润系数(moisture coefficient) 127

干燥度(aridity) 127

大陆度(continentality) 127

气候指标(climatic index) 128

气候带(climatic zone) 128

荒漠气候(desert climate) 128

冰雪气候(nival climate) 128

极地气候(polar climate) 129

地中海气候(Mediterranean climate) 129

热带雨林气候(tropical rainforest climate) 129

热带稀树草原气候(savanna climate) 129

草原气候(steppe climate) 129

森林气候(forest climate) 130

高原气候(plateau climate) 130

季风气候(monsoon climate) 130

季风指数(monsoon index) 130

季风爆发(monsoon burst,monsoon onset) 130

冬季风(winter monsoon) 130

夏季风(summer monsoon) 131

西南季风(southwest monsoon) 131

高原季风(plateau monsoon) 131

南亚高压(South Asia high) 131

气候型(climatic type) 131

大陆性气候(continental climate) 132

海洋性气候(maritime climate) 132

湿润气候(humid climate) 132

干旱气候(arid climate) 132

气候地带性(climatic zonality) 132

气候垂直地带性(vertical climatic zonality) 133

气候志(climatography) 133

天气气候(weather climate) 133

天气(weather) 133

自然天气季节(natural synoptic season) 133

大气环流(general atmospheric circulation) 134

季风(monsoon) 134

山谷风(mountain-valley breeze) 135

海陆风(sea-land breeze) 135

焚风(foehn) 135

局地环流(local circulation) 135

大气活动中心(atmospheric centres of action) 135

纬向环流(zonal circulation) 136

经向环流(meridional circulation) 136

东风波(easterly wave) 136

西风带(westerlies) 137

热带辐合带(intertropical convergence zone) 137

副热带高压(subtropical high) 137

阻塞高压(blocking high) 138

切断低压(cut-off low) 138

天气系统(weather system) 139

气团(air mass) 139

锋(front) 139

冷锋(cold front) 139

暖锋(warm front) 140

锢囚锋(occluded front) 140

准静止锋(quasi-stationary front) 140

行星风系(planetary wind system) 140

信风(trades) 140

梅雨(Meiyu,plum rain) 141

台风(typhoon) 141

寒潮(cold wave) 142

风暴(storm) 143

尘暴(dust storm) 143

雷暴(thunderstorm) 143

逆温(temperature inversion) 143

空气湿度(atmospheric humidity) 143

气旋(cyclone) 143

反气旋(anticyclone) 144

切变线(shear line) 144

飑线(squall line) 144

龙卷(tornado) 144

急流(jet stream) 145

冻雨(freezing rain) 145

毛毛雨(drizzle) 145

连阴雨(protracted rain,successive raining days) 145

霾(haze) 145

能见度(visibility) 146

雾凇(rime) 146

霰(graupel) 146

日照(sunshine) 146

雨影区(rain shadow region) 146

雨幡(rain virga) 147

蒲福风级(Beaufort wind scale) 147

气象卫星(meteorological satellite) 147

卫星云图(satellite cloud picture) 148

物理气候(physical climate) 148

太阳辐射(solar radiation) 148

太阳常数(solar constant) 148

天文辐射(extraterrestrial solar radiation) 148

总辐射(global radiation) 149

漫射辐射(diffuse radiation) 149

地面辐射(radiation of the earth's surface) 149

海面辐射(sea surface radiation) 149

地面有效辐射(effective radiation of the earth's surface) 150

反照率(albedo) 150

海面反照率(sea surface albedo) 150

辐射平衡(radiation balance) 150

辐射通量密度(radiant flux density) 151

黑体辐射(black body radiation) 151

辐射吸收率(radiant absorptivity) 151

比辐射率(relative emissivity) 151

地表面热量平衡(heat balance of the earth's surface) 151

气候模拟(climatic simulation) 151

温室效应(greenhouse effect) 152

层结稳定度(stratification stability) 152

大气湍流(atmospheric turbulence) 153

大气边界层(atmospheric boundary layer) 153

粗糙度(roughness length) 153

零面位移高度(zero-plane displacement level) 153

包文比(Bowen ratio) 154

紫外辐射(ultra-violet radiation) 154

红外辐射(infrared radiation) 154

可见光辐射(visible radiation) 154

大气效应(atmospheric effect) 154

大气窗(atmospheric window) 155

地—气相互作用(air-land interaction) 155

太阳活动(solar activity) 155

太阳黑子周期(sunspot cycle) 155

大气潮汐(atmospheric tides) 156

太阳黑子相对数(relative sunspot number) 156

大气辐射传输(radiation transfer in atmosphere) 156

大气透明度(atmospheric transparency) 156

大气浑浊度(atmospheric turbidity) 157

热岛效应(heat island effect) 157

生物气候(biological climate) 158

二十四节气(twenty-four solar terms) 158

七十二候(seventy-two Penthemerons) 159

生物气候定律(bioclimatic law) 159

自然历(natural calender) 159

物候谱(phenospectrum) 159

自然物候(natural seasonal phenomena) 160

积温(accumulated temperature) 160

无霜期(frost-free period) 160

气候资源(climatic resourccs) 507

气候生产潜力(climatic potential productivity) 160

历史气候(historical climate) 160

历史气候(historical climate) 160

古气候(paleoclimate) 161

异常气候(anomalous climate) 161

气候趋势(climatic trend) 161

气候决定论(climatic determinism) 162

气候温暖期(Altithermal) 162

小冰期(little ice age) 162

气候变迁(climatic change) 162

米兰柯维奇假说(Milankovitch hypothesis) 163

年轮交叉定年(crossdating at tree rings) 164

年轮指数(tree-ring index) 164

年轮密度测定(tree-ring densitometry) 164

敏感年轮序列(sensitive tree-ring series) 164

限制气候因子(limiting climatic factor) 165

海洋气候(maritime climate) 165

海—气相互作用(air-sea interaction,ASI) 165

南方涛动(southern oscillation,so) 166

厄尔尼诺(E1 Ni?o) 166

冷洋流(cold current) 166

暖洋流(warm current) 166

升降流(up-and downwelling) 166

风暴潮(storm surge) 167

海啸(tsunami) 167

瓦克环流(Walker circulation) 167

海洋环流(oceanic general circulation) 167

海洋锋(ocean front) 168

温跃层(thermocline) 168

海流(ocean current) 169

马纬度(horse latitudes) 169

三 地貌学(geomorphology) 169

通论(generals) 169

地貌学(geomorphology) 169

构造地貌学(tectonic geomorphology) 170

气候地貌学(climatic geomorphology) 170

动力地貌学(dynamic geomorphology) 171

区域地貌学(regional geomorphology),参见“地貌学” 171

数量地貌学(quantitative geomorphology) 171

实验地貌学(experimental geomorphology) 172

地貌年代学(geomorphochronology),参见“地貌学” 172

地文学(physiography) 172

历史地貌学(historical geomorphology) 173

应用地貌学(applied geomorphology),参见“地貌学” 173

环境地貌(environmental landform) 173

人为地貌(anthropogenic landform) 174

地貌形成作用(landform formation) 174

风化作用(weathering) 174

剥蚀作用(denudation) 175

侵蚀作用(erosion) 175

搬运作用(transportation) 175

沉积作用(sedimentation) 176

陆相沉积(continental sedimentation,continental facies sedimentation) 176

海相沉积(marine deposit,marine facies sedimentation) 177

相关沉积(correlating sediments),参见“沉积作用” 177

均夷作用(planation) 177

地貌过程(geomorphological processes) 177

地貌演化(geomorphic evolution) 178

地文期(physiographic period),参见“地貌演化” 178

侵蚀循环学说(theory of the cycle of erosion) 178

山麓剥夷面说(theory of large-scale pediplanation) 179

山前梯地说(theory of piedmonttreppen) 179

地貌水准面学说(theory of geomorphological level surface) 180

地貌均变论(geomorphic uniformitariamism) 180

地貌突变论(geomorphic catastrophism) 180

地貌临界说(theory of geomorphic thresholds) 181

地貌系统(geomorphic system) 181

地貌均衡(geomorphic equilibrium) 182

复杂响应(complex response) 182

地貌最小功原理(theory of minimum energy dissipation in geomorphology) 182

地貌熵(entropy in geomorphology) 183

地貌反馈机制(geomorphic feedback mechanism) 184

地貌空代时假定(ergodic assumption in geomorphology) 184

地貌物理模型试验(physical modelling in geomorphology) 184

地貌数学模拟(mathematical simulation in geomorphology) 185

地貌预测(geomorphic prediction) 185

地貌分类体系(system of geomorphic classification) 185

地貌类型隶属函数(membership function of geomorphic types) 186

山地(mountain),参见“地貌类型隶属函数” 187

山麓剥蚀面(pediment) 187

准平原(peneplain) 187

夷平面(planation surface) 187

流水地貌(fluvial landform) 187

流水地貌学(running water geomorphology,fluvial geomorphology) 187

水系(river system) 268

水系结构定律(laws of drainage composition) 188

河流系统(fluvial system) 189

河流作用(river action) 189

泥沙输移比(sediment delivery ratio) 189

侵蚀基准面(erosion base level) 190

溯源侵蚀(headward-erosion) 190

无显露侵蚀带(belt of no erosion) 190

河流均衡剖面(equilibrium profile of river) 191

河流袭夺(stream capture,stream pirate) 191

裂点(knick point),参见“溯源侵蚀” 191

风口(wind gap),参见“河流袭夺” 191

河流阶地(river terrace) 191

河漫滩(flood plain) 192

河流沉积(fluvial deposits) 192

二元结构(dual-texture),参见“河流沉积” 192

古河道(paleochannels) 192

河型(river pattern) 193

顺直型河道(straight river channel) 193

分叉型河道(braided river channel) 193

分叉指数(率)(braided ratio),参见“分叉型河道” 194

游荡型河道(wandering braided river channel) 194

婉蜒型河道(meandering river channel) 194

迂回扇(scroll pattern) 194

深切曲流(incised meander) 195

深槽(pool) 195

浅滩(riffle),参见“深槽” 195

河流运动波(kinematic wave of stream) 196

河相关系(fiver hydraulic geometry) 196

冲积平原(alluvial plain) 196

冲积扇(alluvial fan) 196

三角洲(delta) 197

干三角洲(dry delta) 197

湖泊地貌(lacustrine landform) 198

湖泊地貌(lacustrine landform) 198

构造湖(tectonic lake) 198

火口湖(crater lake) 198

堰塞湖(imprisoned lake) 198

海迹湖(relic sea lake) 199

牛轭湖(oxbow lake) 199

冰蚀湖(glacial erosion lake) 199

风蚀湖(wind erosion lake) 199

喀斯特湖(karst lake) 199

湖蚀崖(lacustrine cliff) 199

湖成平原(lacustrine plain) 200

湖成阶地(lacustrine terrace) 200

古湖岸线(paleo-lake strandline) 200

湖相沉积(lacustrine deposit) 200

冰川地貌与冰缘地貌(glacial landform and periglacial landform) 201

冰川学(glaciology) 201

冰川地貌(glacial landform) 201

冰川作用(glaciation) 202

雪蚀作用(nivation) 203

雪线(snow line) 203

冰斗(cirque) 203

冰川槽谷(glaciated trough valley) 204

羊背石(roche moutonnee) 204

冰碛(till) 204

冰水沉积(glacial-fluvial deposits) 205

冰漂砾(glacier boulder),参见“冰碛” 205

鼓丘(drumlin),参见“冰川地貌” 205

蛇形丘(esker),参见“冰水沉积” 205

冰水平原(glacio-fluvial plain),参见“冰水沉积” 205

冰水扇(outwash fan),参见“冰水沉积” 205

冰砾阜(kame),参见“冰水沉积” 205

冰砾泥(boulder clay) 205

冰缘地貌(periglacial landform) 206

冻土学(geocryology,cryopedology) 206

多年冻土(permafrost) 207

多边形土(patterned ground) 207

融冻泥流(solifluction) 208

高夷平阶地(high danudational terrace) 208

冰楔(ice wedge) 208

冰缘岩柱(tor) 208

岩屑坡(block slope) 209

纹泥(laminated clay),参见“冰水沉积” 209

喀斯特(岩溶)地貌(karst landform) 209

喀斯特地貌(karst landform) 209

喀斯特作用(karst process) 210

喀斯特化(karstification),参见“喀斯特作用” 210

喀斯特基准面(karst base level) 210

喀斯特地带性(karst zonalization) 211

生物喀斯特(biologic karst) 211

溶沟—石芽(karren,lapie) 211

石林(stonc forest) 212

峰林(peak forest,fenglin) 212

溶斗(doline) 212

落水洞(sink hole,ponor),参见“喀斯特洼地”、“盲谷”、“波立谷” 213

盲谷(blind valley) 213

喀斯特洼地(karst depression) 213

星状喀斯特(cockpit karst) 213

多边形喀斯特(polygonal karst),参见“星状喀斯特” 213

锥状喀斯特(kegel karst,cone karst),参见“峰林” 213

塔状喀斯特(turm karst,tower karst),参见“峰林” 213

喀斯特残丘(hum),参见“喀斯特地貌” 213

喀斯特孤峰(mogote),参见“喀斯特地貌” 214

喀斯特竖井(shaft),参见“喀斯特地貌” 214

干谷(dry valley),参见“喀斯特地貌” 214

溶蚀盆(uvala),参见“喀斯特洼地” 214

溶蚀谷(polje),参见“波立谷” 214

波立谷(poije) 214

喀斯特平原(karst plain) 214

洞穴学(speleology) 214

洞穴(cave) 215

地下河(underground river),参见“洞穴” 215

流痕(scallops) 215

洞穴沉积(cave sediment) 216

钟乳石(stalactite),参见“洞穴沉积” 216

石笋(stalagmite),参见“洞穴沉积” 216

流石(flowstone),参见“洞穴沉积” 216

卷曲石(helictite),参见“洞穴沉积” 216

黄土地貌与坡地(loess landform and slope) 216

黄土地貌(loess landform) 216

黄土塬(loess yuan,loess tableland) 217

黄土梁(loess liang,loess ridge) 217

黄土峁(loess mao,loess hill) 217

坡地类型(slope type) 218

坡面过程(slope process) 218

侵蚀力(erosivity) 218

抗蚀力(anti-erodibility) 219

溅蚀(rain splash) 219

片蚀(sheet erosion) 219

沟蚀(gully erosion) 219

潜蚀(subsurface erosion) 220

风蚀(wind erosion) 220

重力侵蚀(gravitational erosion),参见“块体运动” 220

蠕移(creep),参见“块体运动” 221

土滑(earthflow),参见“块体运动” 221

自然侵蚀(natural erosion) 221

允许侵蚀量(acceptable erosion) 221

加速侵蚀(accelerated erosion) 221

侵蚀模数(erosive modulus) 221

侵蚀面(erosion surface) 222

沟谷系统(gully system) 222

沟谷密度(density of gully) 222

坡形(slope form) 222

坡度等级(slope grade) 222

重力地貌与泥石流(gravitational landform and debris flow) 223

重力地貌(gravitational landform) 223

重力坡(gravitational slope),参见“坡地类型” 223

块体运动(mass movement) 223

倒石堆(talus) 224

滑坡(landslide) 224

伐尔纳斯滑坡分类(Varnes classification of landslide) 225

泥石流(debris flow) 225

泥石流体界限值(limit value of debris flow) 226

泥石流静力学(statics of debris flow) 226

泥石流体流态(flow pattern of debris flow) 226

泥石流运动力学(kinematic and dynamic of debris flow) 227

泥石流堵塞系数(obstructive coefficient of debris flow) 227

粘性泥石流(viscous debris flow),参见“泥石流体界限值” 227

稀性泥石流(micro-viscous debris flow),参见“泥石流体界限值” 227

水石流(water-rock flow),参见“泥石流体界限值” 227

风成地貌(eolian landform) 227

风积地貌(wind-accumulated landform) 227

纵向沙垅(丘)(longitudinal dune) 228

横向沙丘(transverse dune) 228

新月形沙丘(crescent dune,barkhan),参见“横向沙丘” 229

抛物形沙丘(parabolic dune),参见“横向沙丘” 229

树枝状沙垅(dendritic dune),参见“纵向沙垅” 229

复合型沙丘(compound dunes) 229

星状沙丘(star dune) 229

流动沙丘(shifting dune) 229

固定沙丘(fixed dune) 230

海岸沙丘(coastal dune) 230

海滩脊(beach ridge),参见“海岸沙丘” 230

风积结构(wind-accumulated texture) 230

风蚀地貌(wind-eroded landform) 231

风蚀残丘(wind-eroded yardang landform) 231

风蚀洼地(wind-eroded depression,deflation hollow) 232

雅丹(yardangs) 232

风沙流(wind-drift sand flow) 232

漠漆(desert varnish) 232

构造地貌与岩石地貌(structural landform and rock landform) 233

构造地貌(tectonic landform,structural landform) 233

造山运动(orogeny) 233

造陆运动(epeirogenetic movement) 234

新构造运动(neotectonic movement) 234

岛弧(island arc) 234

边缘海(marginal sea) 235

断层崖(fault scarp) 235

断层线崖(fault-line scarp),参见“断层崖” 235

断层三角面(fault triangle plane),参见“断层崖” 235

裂谷(rift valley) 235

地堑盆地(graben basin) 236

地垒(horst),参见“地堑盆地”“断块山” 236

向斜盆地(syncline basin) 236

断块山(block mountain) 236

褶皱山(folded mountain) 236

构造适应(structural identify) 237

地形倒置(inversion of relief) 237

水系构造应力场分析(analysis of the drainage pattern for tectonic stress field) 237

火山(volcano) 237

火山带(volcanic zone) 238

泥火山(mud volcano) 238

熔岩台地(lava tableland) 238

花岗岩地貌(granite landform) 239

丹霞地貌(Danxia landform) 239

土林(earth forest) 239

河口与海岸地貌(debouch landform and coastal landform) 240

海岸地貌学(coastal geomorphology) 240

河口(debouch,river mouth) 240

河口拦门沙(estuary bar) 241

河口沙嘴(estuary spit) 241

海岸地貌(coastal landform) 242

海岸均衡剖面(graded profile of coast) 242

海滩(coastal beach) 243

海滩岩(beach rock),参见“海滩” 243

口外海滨(offmouth marine),参见“河口” 243

水下沙堤(subaquatic sandridge) 243

海岸沙嘴(coast spit) 243

陆连岛(tombolo island) 244

湾顶滩(bay head beach) 244

岬角(cape) 245

海蚀崖(sea cliff) 245

海蚀穴(sea notch) 245

海蚀柱(sea stack) 245

海蚀平台(abrasion platform) 246

海成阶地(marine-built terrace) 246

贝壳堤(shell ridge) 246

海岸分类(coastal classification) 246

河口湾(estuary) 247

珊瑚礁岸(coral reef coast),参见“海岸分类” 247

珊瑚岸礁(coral bank reef),参见“珊瑚礁” 247

红树林岸(tidal forest coast),参见“海岸分类” 248

港湾海岸(ecronic coast),参见“海岸分类” 248

原生海岸(primary coast),参见“海岸分类” 248

火山海岸(volcanic coast),参见“海岸分类” 248

海底地貌(submarine topography) 248

海底地貌(submarine topography) 248

大陆架(continental shelf) 248

大陆坡(continental slope) 249

大陆隆(coutinental rise) 249

洋盆(oceanic basin) 249

海岭(oceanic ridge),参见“海底地貌” 250

平顶海山(guyot),参见“海底地貌” 250

海底峡谷(submarine canyon),参见“海底地貌” 250

海沟(trench),参见“海底地貌” 250

海槽(trough),参见“海底地貌” 250

深海平原(abyssal plain) 250

水下古河道(subaqueous palaeochannel) 250

水下阶地(submarine terrace) 250

水下三角洲(subaqueous delta) 251

潮流三角洲(tidal delta) 251

浊流作用(turbidity current) 251

冲磨水下岸坡(abraded offshore slope) 252

冲刷槽(scour channel) 252

深海扇(submarine fan) 252

海釜(caldron) 252

岩礁(rock reef) 253

珊瑚礁(coral reef) 253

四 水文地理学(hydrogeography) 253

通论(generals) 253

水文地理学(hydrogeography) 253

陆地水文学(continental hydrology) 254

比较水文学(comparative hydrology) 254

河流水文学(potamology) 254

湖泊水文学(lake hydrology) 255

湖泊学(limnology),参见“湖泊水文学” 255

森林水文学(forest hydrology) 255

都市水文学(urban hydrology) 256

农业水文学(agricultural hydrology) 256

全球水文(global hydrology) 257

区域水文(regional hydrology) 257

干旱区水文(hydrology in arid region) 257

山地水文(mountain hydrology) 257

平原水文(hydrology of flat area) 258

沼泽水文(hydrology of mires) 258

河口水文(hydrology of estuary) 258

喀斯特水文(karst hydrology) 259

冰川水文(glacier hydrology) 259

环境水文(environmental hydrology) 260

随机水文(stochastic hydrology) 260

水文制图(hydrologic mapping) 260

水文区划(hydrological regionalization) 261

卫星水文学(satellite hydrology) 261

水文年鉴(water yearbook) 262

水文系列(hydrologic series) 262

泰森多边形法(Thiessen polygonal method) 262

水量平衡与水资源(water balance and water resource) 263

水循环(water cycle) 263

水圈(hydrosphere) 263

水量平衡(water balance) 264

六要素水量平衡(water balance of six elements) 264

水资源(water resources) 509

水资源供需平衡(balance between water supply and demand) 264

农业水资源(agricultural water resources) 265

灌溉水有效利用系数(effective coefficient of irrigation water utilization) 265

水土平衡(water and land balance) 265

水土保持(water and soil conservation) 266

工业用水(industrial water use) 266

工业用水重复率(industrial water reuse rate) 266

万元产值用水量(water consumption amount per unit output value of ten thousand yuan) 266

水资源规划(water resources planning) 266

水资源管理(water resources management) 267

地表水(surface water) 267

河流(river) 267

流域(drainage basin) 267

河流类型(river type) 268

水系(river system) 268

河网(drainage networks) 268

外流河(exterior river) 269

内流河(interior river) 269

河川径流(stream runoff) 269

流量(discharge) 269

水位(water stage) 269

径流深度(runoff depth) 270

径流模数(runoff modulus) 270

径流系数(runoff coefficient) 270

径流形成过程(process of runoff formation) 270

河流补给(river feeding) 271

径流过程线(runoff hydrograph) 271

基流(base flow) 271

正常径流(normal flow) 272

年径流变差系数(variation coefficient of annual runoff) 272

径流集中度(index of concentration degree of runoff) 272

径流变化时间序列分析(analysis of time serie? of runoff variation) 272

暴雨径流(storm runoff) 273

枯水(runoff of low water) 273

河冰(river ice) 273

凌汛(ice-jam flood) 274

河流泥沙(river sediments) 274

河流含沙量(river sediment concentration) 274

河流输沙量(river sediment discharge) 274

输沙模数(sediment transport modulus) 275

河流水化学(hydrochemistry of river) 275

离子径流(chemical flow) 275

湖泊(lake) 276

湖泊资源(lake resources) 276

内陆湖(endorheic lake) 276

外流湖(exorheic lake) 277

成水湖(salt-water lake) 277

盐湖(salt lake) 277

湖泊水量平衡(lake water balance) 277

湖流(lake current) 278

水库(reservoir) 278

沼泽水(swamp water) 278

冰川积累(glacier accumulation) 278

冰川消融(glacier ablation) 279

地下水与土壤水(underground water and soil water) 279

地下水(ground water) 279

泉(spring) 279

地下热水(thermal ground water) 280

地下水年龄(ground water age) 280

地下水均衡(ground water balance) 281

地下水补给(ground water replenishment) 281

地下水排泄(ground water discharge) 281

达西定律(Darcy's law) 281

承压水(confined ground water) 282

上层滞水(temporary water-bearing) 282

自流盆地(artesian basin) 282

地下水降落漏斗(depression cone of ground water) 282

裂隙水(fissured water) 283

孔隙水(pore water) 283

灌溉回归水(irrigation return water) 283

给水度(specific yield) 284

渗透系数(permeability coefficient) 284

喀斯特地下水(karst ground water) 284

非饱和带(unsaturated zone) 285

地下咸水(saline ground water) 285

土壤水(soil water) 356

土壤水分常数(soil water constants) 285

田间持水量(field moisture capacity) 285

土壤饱和含水量(saturated soil water content) 285

凋萎系数(wilting coefficient) 286

土壤含水量(soil water content) 286

土壤容重(soil bulk density) 287

土壤有效含水量(effective water content of soil) 287

土壤水力传导度(hydraulic conductivity of soil) 287

土壤水分扩散率(soil-water diffusivity) 288

土壤水分通量(soil water flux) 288

土壤给水度(specific yield of soil water) 288

土壤水分特征曲线(soil moisture characteristic curve) 288

土水势(total soil-water potential) 289

零通量面(zero flux plane) 289

土壤层水分平衡(soil water balance) 290

水量转换(interaction between waters) 290

壤中流(interflow) 290

地下水库(ground water reservoir) 291

活塞流(piston flow) 291

水文过程(hydrological process) 291

降水(precipitation) 291

截留(interception) 291

填洼(depression detention) 292

蒸发(evaporation) 292

蒸发力(potential evaporation) 293

总蒸发(evapotranspiration) 293

棵间蒸发(soil evaporation between plants) 294

土壤蒸发(evaporation from soil) 294

蒸腾(transpiration) 294

措水蒸发(evaporation from ground water) 295

水面蒸发(evaporation from water surface) 295

蒸发面(evaporation surface) 295

流域蒸发(basin evaporation) 295

人渗(infiltration) 296

初渗(initial infiltration) 296

稳渗(stable infiltration) 296

超渗产流(runoff resulted from excess rain) 297

蓄满产流(runoff generation under saturated condition) 297

流域汇流(watershed flow concentration) 297

等流时线(equivalent flow durationcontour) 297

单位过程线(unit hydrograph) 297

坡面流(overland flow) 298

河槽集流(concentration of channel flow) 298

明渠不稳定流(unsteady flow in open channel) 298

霍顿入渗公式(Horton formula) 298

菲利浦入渗公式(Philip infiltration formula) 299

艾里定律(Eley's law) 299

科氏力定律(Coriolis force law) 299

过水断面(cross section of stream flow) 299

水力半径(hydraulic radius) 299

径流差积曲线(differential mass curve of flow) 300

彭曼蒸发公式(Penman's evaporation formula) 300

异重流(density currents) 300

水文效应(hydrologic effects) 301

调水水文效应(hydrologic effects of water diversion) 301

森林水文效应(hydrologic effects of forest) 302

农业水文效应(hydrological effects of agricultural activities) 302

水利工程水文效应(hydrologic effects of water resources project) 303

地面沉降(land subsidence) 303

海水入侵含水层(seawater intruded into aquifer) 303

地下水人工回灌(artificial recharge of ground water) 304

地下水位调控(regulation of ground water table) 304

土壤盐渍化地下水临界深度(critical ground water table of soil salinization) 304

洪水(flood) 304

涝(water logging) 305

风暴潮(storm surge) 167

实验水文(experimental hydrology) 305

代表性流域(representative watershed) 305

实验性流域(experimental watershed) 305

同位素水文学(isotope hydrology) 306

流域模型(watershed hydrologic models) 306

水文过程数值模拟(numerical modelling of hydrologic process) 306

系统水文学(systems approach to hydrology) 307

水文地理调查(hydrographical survey) 307

水质数学模型(water quality models) 307

可能最大降水(probablemaximum precipitation) 308

可能最大洪水(probable maximum flood) 308

抑制蒸发(evaporation reduction) 308

蒸发器(evaporation par) 309

水力蒸发器(hydraulic evapotranspirometer) 309

地中渗透仪(infiltration lysimeter) 309

负压计(tensiometer) 310

抽(注)水试验〔pumping(injecting)test〕 310

地下水流模型(ground water flow models) 311

径流试验小区(experiment plots) 311

土面增温剂(agent for increasing soil temperature) 311

五生物地理学(biogeography) 311

通论(generals) 311

生物地理学(biogeography) 311

染色体地理学(chromosomegeography) 340

生物分布(biochore,bio-distribution) 312

生物散布(biotic dispersal) 312

生物迁移(biotic migration) 313

扩散中心(dispersal centre) 313

散布阻限(barrier to dispersal) 313

地理隔离(geographic isolation) 313

生殖隔离(reproductive isolation) 314

岛屿生物地理平衡理论(equilibrium theory of island biogeography) 314

生物分布区(biotic range) 314

分布型(distribution pattern) 315

分布区中心(areal centre) 315

间断分布区(range disjunction) 315

措在分布区(potential area) 315

世界种(cosmopolitan species) 315

本地种(indigenous species,native species) 316

地方种(local species) 316

特有种(endemic species) 316

孑遗种(relic species) 316

替代种(vicarious species) 316

外来种(exotic species) 317

生物区系(biota) 317

生物区系成分(biota element) 317

种相似性系数(similarity coefficient of species) 317

物种形成(speciation) 318

物种演化(species evolution) 318

适应(adaptation) 318

竞争(competition) 319

种类多样性(species diversity) 319

限制因子(limiting factor) 319

生态位(niche) 319

生态幅(ecological amplitude) 320

广生态幅植物(eurytopic plant),参见“生态幅” 320

狭生态幅植物(stenotopic plant),参见“生态幅” 320

最适度(range of optimum) 321

生境(habitat) 321

小生境(microhabitat) 321

生物量(biomass) 321

种群(population) 321

生物群落(biome,biotic community) 322

海洋生物群落(marine biomes) 322

植物地理(phytogeography) 322

植物地理学(phytogeography) 322

植物区系地理学(floristic plant geography),参见“植物地理学” 322

植物生态地理学(ecological plant geography),参见“植物地理学” 322

历史植物地理学(historical plant geography),参见“植物地理学” 323

植物生活型(plant life form) 323

植物生态型(plant ecotype) 323

植物生态类群(ecological plant group) 324

指示植物(indicator plant) 324

植物群落地理学(phytocoenological geography) 324

地植物学(geobotany) 325

植物群落学(phytocoenology),参见“地植物学” 325

植被(vegetation) 325

植物群落结构(structure of plant community) 325

植物群落(plant community,phytocoenose) 325

植物层片(plant synusia) 326

植物群丛(plant association) 326

植物群系(plant formation) 326

植被型(vegetation type) 326

演替(succession) 327

演替系列(successional series) 327

顶极群落(climax) 327

植被分类(vegetation classification) 327

地带性植被(zonal vegetation) 328

超地带性植被(extrazonal vegetation) 328

非地带性植被(azonal vegetation) 328

天然植被(natural vegetation) 329

栽培植被(cultural vegetation) 329

雨林(rairfforest) 329

热带雨林(tropical rainforest),参见“雨林” 329

季雨林(monsoon forest) 330

红树林(mangrove) 330

常绿阔叶林(evergreen broad-leaved forest) 330

硬叶常绿林(sclerophyllous forest) 330

硬叶常绿阔叶林(sclerorphyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest),参见“硬叶常绿林” 331

夏绿阔叶林(deciduous broad-leaved forest) 331

针阔叶混交林(deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forests) 331

泰加林(taiga) 331

针叶林(coniferous forest) 331

矮曲林(krummholz) 332

灌丛(shrubs,scrub) 332

草原植被(steppe vegetation) 332

森林草原(forest steppe) 333

高草草原(prairie) 333

潘帕斯草原(pampas) 333

萨瓦纳(savanna) 334

荒漠植被(desert vegetation) 334

苔原植被(tundra vegetation) 334

高山植被(alpine vegetation) 335

草甸(meadow) 335

沼泽植被(bog vegetation) 335

水生植被(hydrophytic vegetation) 335

盐生植被(halophytic vegetation) 336

树线(treeline),参见“森林线” 336

森林上限(upper forost limit),参见“森林线” 336

森林线(timberline) 336

植被垂直带(altitudinal belt of vegetation) 337

植被区划(vegetational regionalization) 337

植物区系(fora) 337

栽培植物区系(cultivated flora) 337

世界植物区系分区(world floristic divisions) 338

泛北极植物区(Holarctic kingdom) 338

古热带植物区(Paleotropic kingdom) 339

新热带植物区(Neotropic kingdom) 339

澳大利亚植物区(Australian kingdom) 340

好望角植物区(Cape kingdom) 340

泛南极植物区(Holantarctic kingdom) 340

动物地理(zoogeography) 340

染色体地理学(chromosome geography) 340

动物地理学(zoogeography) 341

动物分布区(distribution area of animal) 341

华莱士线(Wallace's line) 341

动物群(raunal group) 342

森林动物(forest faunal group) 342

草原动物(steppe faunal group) 342

荒漠动物(desert faunal group) 342

高山动物(alpine faunal group) 343

极地动物(polar faunal group) 343

陆上水域动物(aquatic faunal group on the land) 343

海洋动物(marine faunal group) 343

动物区系(fauna) 343

陆地动物区划(continental faunal regionalization) 344

全北区(Holarctic region) 344

古北区(Paleoarctic region),参见“全北区” 344

新北区(Neoarctic region),参见“全北区” 344

东洋区(Oriental region) 344

热带区(Tropical region) 345

新热带区(Neotropical region) 345

澳大利亚区(Australian region) 345

南极区(Antarctic region) 346

六 土壤地理学(pedogeography) 346

土壤地理学(pedogeography) 346

土壤形成(soil formation) 346

土壤系统(soil system) 347

成土因素(factors of soil formation) 347

成土过程(pedogenic processes) 348

原始成土过程(initial pedogenic process) 348

腐殖质化过程(humification) 349

粘化过程(argillation) 349

灰化作用(podzolization) 349

铁铝化过程(ferrallitization) 349

钙化过程(calcification) 350

盐化过程(salinization) 350

碱化过程(alkalization) 350

白浆化过程(leucinization) 350

潜育化过程(gleization) 351

土壤熟化过程(cultivation) 351

土壤演化(soil evolution) 351

土壤年龄(soil age) 352

古土壤(paleosols) 352

土壤剖面(soil profile) 352

土壤发生层(soil forming horizon) 352

土壤形态(soil morphology) 353

土壤微形态(soil micromorphology) 353

土壤组成(soil composition) 353

土壤母质(soil parent material) 353

土壤矿物(soil minerals) 354

土壤质地(soil texture) 354

土壤结构(soil structure) 354

土壤生物(soil organism) 354

土壤有机质(soil organic matter) 354

土壤物理性质(soil physical property) 355

土壤化学(soil chemistry) 355

土壤物理化学(soil physical chemistry) 355

土壤养分(soil nutrient) 355

土壤水(soil water) 356

土壤溶液(soil solution) 356

土壤肥力(soil fertility) 356

土壤分析(soil analysis) 357

土壤分类(soil classification) 357

红壤系列(red soil sequence) 358

棕壤系列(burozem sequence) 358

褐土系列(drab soil sequence) 358

黑土系列(chernozem sequence) 359

栗钙土系列(chestnut soil sequence) 359

荒漠土系列(desert soil sequence) 360

灌淤土系列(irrigated soil sequence) 360

水稻土系列(paddy soil sequonce) 360

湿土系列(wet soil sequence) 361

盐碱土系列(alkali-saline soil sequence) 361

岩性土系列(regosol seguence) 361

高山土系列(alpine soil sequence) 361

新成土(entisol) 362

变性土(vertisol) 362

始成土(inceptisol) 362

旱成土(aridisol) 362

软土(mollisol) 363

灰土(spodosol) 363

淋溶土(alfisol) 363

老成土(ultisol) 363

氧化土(oxisol) 364

有机土(histosol) 364

土壤地带性(soil zonality) 364

地带性土壤(zonal soil) 364

土壤区划(soil regionalization) 365

土壤复区(soil complex) 365

土链(soil catena) 365

七被(soil mantle) 365

土壤利用(soil utilization) 366

土壤改良(amelioration of soils) 366

土壤肥力递减律(law of diminishing soil fertility) 366

土壤侵蚀(soil erosion) 366

土壤风蚀(soil deflation) 367

土壤沙化(soit sandification) 367

土壤抗蚀性(soil resistance to erosion) 367

土壤保持(soil conservation) 368

七 环境地理学(environmental geography) 368

环境地理学(environmental geography) 368

环境地学(environmental geoscience) 369

环境气候学(environmental meteorology) 120

环境水文学(environmental hydrology) 369

环境污染化学(environmental pollution chemistry

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