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PREFACE 1

Chapter I． Introduction 1

Sec． 1

1． The Privileges or Immunities Clause 1

2． The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States 3

Chapter II． Substantive Due Process 7

3． The Constitutionalization of "Natural Rights" 7

From Lochner to Ferguson 7

Defects of Lochner 10

4． "Alternatives"to Substantive Due Process 11

The Penumbra of the Bill of Rights 11

The Ninth Amendment 13

5． The New Substantive Due Process 15

Roe v． Wade 15

The Distinction Between Personal and Economic Freedoms 17

The Standard of Review in Lochner and Roe 19

6． Scope of the New Due Process 20

Consensual Homosexuality 22

6． Scope of the New Due Process Continued The"Right to Die" 26

7． Post-Roe Restrictions on Abortion 29

Consent 29

Public Funding 30

Informational Requirements 33

Webster and Casey 34

Chapter III． Procedural Dur Process:The Right to Be Heard 40

8． Introduction 40

9． When Due Process Applies 41

10． The Seizure of Property 46

11． Protection of Liberty 51

12． Public Employment 54

13． What Process is Dur? 57

14． Irrebuttable Presumptions 60

Chapter IV． Equal Protection:Suspect Classifications 64

15． Introduction 64

16． Discrimination Against Racial Minorities 65

17． The Separate-But-Equal Doctrine 70

18． Brown and Its Progeny 72

19． Implementing Brown 75

The First Fifteen Years of Deliberate Speed 75

"Evasive Schemes 77

20． Swann v． Board of Education 78

The Ambiguities of Swann 80

Swann's Impact on Northern Schools 83

20． Swann v． Board of Education Continued Congressional Reaction to Swann 87

State Legislation Against Busing 87

21． Non-Areawide Segregation 89

Partial Segregation of a Single District 90

Partial Segregation of a Multi-District Area 90

22． De Facto Segregation 93

23． Preferential Treatment of Racial Minorities 96

Early Decisions 96

From Bakke to Adarand 102

General Policy Considerations 110

24． Sex Discrimination 113

The Standard of Review 113

Compensatory Treatment 122

Family Rights 127

The Equal Rights Amendment and Unique Physical Characteristics 129

25． Differential Treatment of Indians 131

26． Wealth and Age Classifications 132

27． Discrimination Against Aliens 134

28． Illegitimacy 138

Chapter V． Equal Protection:The Focus on Specific Interests 145

29． Introduction 145

30． Voting 146

Developing the Standard of Review 146

Property Qualifications 148

Durational Residence Requirements 149

Disqualification for Alleged Crimes 150

30． Voting Continued 150

Ballot Access and Party Affiliation 150

Campaign Financing 153

31． The Right to Travel 154

32． Access to Criminal and Civil Justice 159

Criminal Appeals 159

Civil Justice 162

33． Defining"Fundamental"Interests 164

34． The Requirement of Rationality 171

The Traditional Standard 171

Variations on the Traditional Rule 172

The"Newer Equal Protection 175

35． Reapportionment 177

The Rule of Reynolds v． Sims 177

Applicability of the Equal-Vote Principle 178

Permissible Departures From Mathematical Equality 179

Gerrymandering 181

Chapter VI． State Action 184

36． Introduction 184

37． The Performance of"Public Functions" 186

The White Primary Cases 186

Access to Private Property 187

The Rationale and Vitality of Public Function Analysis 190

38． Judicial Enforcement of Private Discrimination 194

39． Significant State Involvement 198

The Burton Case 198

Encouraging or Aiding Private Action 199

Regulation and Licensing 206

The Elasticity of the Involvement Concept 209

39． Significant State Involvement Continued 211

Chapter VII． Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights 211

40． Introduction 211

41． Congressional Implementation of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights 212

42． Congressional Modification of Judicially-Declared Constitutional Rights 216

43． Congressional Power Over Private Discrimination 221

44． Civil Rights Legislation in the Post-Brown Era 226

45． Regulation Discrimination in Employment 229

Purposeful Discrimination 229

Proof,Remedies and Procedures 235

Discriminatory Impact 240

46． The Reconstruction Statutes 244

Chapter VIII． Actions Under 42 U.S.C.A. 1983 252

47． Personal Liability 252

The Monroe Case 252

Official Immunities 254

Federal Officials 256

Sifting Out Insubstantial Claims 257

48． Municipal Liability 258

49． Protected Interests 262

50． The Relationship Between State Law and 1983 264

"Deficiencies"in Federal Law 264

Hbeas Corpus and Res Judicata 266