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Introduction 1

Anne Dacier:from the introduction to her translation of the Iliad 10

1 The role of ideology in the shaping of a translation 14

Flaccus Quintus Horatius:from the"Letter to the Pisones,"also known as the Ars Poetica 15

Aurelius Augustinus(Saint Augustine):from"On the Christian Doctrine";from the"Letter to Saint Jerome" 15

Martin Luther:from the"Circular Letter on Translation" 16

August Wilhelm Schlegel:from the"History of Romantic Literature" 17

Anne Louise Germaine de Staёl:from the Writings 17

Victor Hugo:from the preface to the New Shakespeare Translation 18

2 The power of patronage 19

John of Trevisa:from the"Dialogue between a Lord and a Clerk upon Translation,"printed as the preface to his translation of the Polychronicon 20

Jean de Brèche,called de Tours:from the preface to his translation of Hippocrates 21

Joachim Du Bellay:from the Défense et illustration de la langue fra？aise 22

Philemon Holland:from the preface to his translation of Pliny's The Historie of the World 22

John Dryden:from the"Dedication"to his translation of the Aeneid 24

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe:from the"Writings on Literature" 24

3 Poetics 26

Etienne Dolet:from"On the Way of Translating Well from One Language into Another" 27

Antoine Houdar de la Motte:from the preface to his translation of the Iliad 28

Voltaire(Fran？ois-Marie Arouet):from a letter to Anne Dacier 30

August Wilhelm Schlegel:from"Something About William Shakespeare on the Occasion of Wilhelm Meister" 30

Edward Fitzgerald:from the preface to the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 32

Ulrich von Willamowitz-Moellendorff:from"The Art of Translation" 33

4 Universe of Discourse 35

Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt:from the preface to his translation of Lucian 35

Jacques Delille:from the preface to his translation of Virgil's Georgics 37

Pierre le Tourneur:from the preface to his translation of Young's Night Thoughts 39

Antoine Prévost,better known as Abbé Prévost:from the preface to his translation of Richardson's Pamela 39

Voltaire(Fran？ois-Marie Arouet):from the preface to his translation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 40

John Hookham Frere:from the preface to his translation of Aristophanes 40

Dillon Wentworth,Earl of Roscommon:from the Essay on Translated Verse 43

5 Translation,the development of language,and education 46

Marcus Tullius Cicero:from"On the Orator";from"On the Limits of Good and Evil" 46

Marcus Fabius Quintilianus:from the"Guide to Rhetoric" 47

Hieronymus(Saint Jerome):from the"Letter to Pammachius" 47

Roger Bacon:from"On the Knowledge of Languages" 49

Juan Luis Vives:from"Versions or Translations" 50

Jacques Pelletier du Mans:from his"Poetics" 52

August Wilhelm Schlegel:from"The Works of Homer by Johann Heinrich Voss" 54

Percy Bysshe Shelley:from"A Defence of Poetry" 56

Gaius Caecilius Plinius Secundus:from the"Letters" 56

Johann Christoph Gottsched:from the"Critical Poetics" 57

Thomas Carlyle:from"The State of German Literature" 57

6 The technique of translating 59

Desiderius Erasmus:from the"Letter to William Warham" 60

Antoine Lemaistre:from the"Rules of French Translation" 60

George Chapman:from the prefatory texts to his translation of the Iliad 62

Alexander Pope:from the preface to his translation of the Iliad 64

August Wilhelm Schlegel:from the"Letter to Herrn Reimer" 66

Dante Gabriel Rossetti:from Dante and His Circle 67

Matthew Arnold:from"On Translating Homer" 68

7 Central texts and central cultures 70

Sir Thomas More:from the Confutation of Tyndale's Answer 71

Anonymous:from"The Translators to the Reader,"the preface to the Authorized Version 72

Johann Gottfried Herder:from the"Fragments" 74

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe:from"Poetry and Truth";from the"Book of West and East";from the"Writings on Literature" 74

August Wilhelm Schlegel:from the"Argument Between Languages";from the"History of Classical Literature" 78

Edward Fitzgerald:from a letter to E.B.Cowell 80

8 Longer statements 81

Leonardo Bruni,called Aretino:from"The Right Way to Translate" 81

Petrus Danielus Huetius:from"Two Books on Translation" 86

John Dryden:from the preface to his translation of Ovid's Epistles 102

Jean le Rond d'Alembert:from"Remarks on the Art of Translating,"printed as the preface to his translation of Tacitus 105

Charles Batteux:from"Principles of Literature" 116

Gaspard de Tende,sieur de l'Estaing:from the"Rules of Translation" 120

Johann Jakob Bodmer:from the"Ninety-Fourth Letter"in his"Painter of Morals" 124

Alexander Fraser Tytler,Lord Woodhouselee:from the Essay on the Principles of Translation 128

Wilhelm von Humboldt:from the preface to his translation of Aeschylus'Agamemnon 135

Friedrich Schleiermacher:from"On the Different Methods of Translating" 141

Ulrich von Willamowitz-Moellendorff:from"What is Translation?",originally written as the preface to his translation of Euripides'Hippolytus 166

Bibliographical references 172

Index 175