Fundamentals of Engineering ThermodynamicsPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Getting Started: Introductory Concepts and Definitions 1

1.1 Using Thermodynamics 1

1.2 Defining Systems 1

1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 4

1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force 8

1.5 Two Measurable Properties: Specific Volume and Pressure 10

1.6 Measuring Temperature 14

1.7 Engineering Design and Analysis 18

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 22

CHAPTER 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 29

2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 29

2.2 Broading Our Understanding of Work 33

2.3 Broading Our Understanding of Energy 43

2.4 Energy Transfer By Heat 44

2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 48

2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 58 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 62

CHAPTER 3 Evaluating Properties 69

3.1 Fixing the State 69

EVALUATING PROPERTIES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 70

3.2 ρ-v-T Relation 70

3.3 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties 76

3.4 Generalized Compressibility Chart 94

EVALUATING PROPERTIES USING THE IDEAL GAS MODEL 100

3.5 Ideal Gas Model 100

3.6 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 103

3.7 Evaluating??u and??h using Ideal Gas Tables, Software, and Constant Specific Heats 105

3.8 Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas 112

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 114

CHAPTER 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy 121

4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume 121

4.2 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume 128

4.3 Analyzing Control Volumes at Steady State 131

4.4 Transient Analysis 152

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 162

CHAPTER 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 174

5.1 Introducing the Second Law 174

5.2 Identifying Irreversibilities 180

5.3 Applying the Second Law to Thermodynamic Cycles 184

5.4 Defining the Kelvin Temperature Scale 190

5.5 Maximum Performance Measures for Cycles Operating Between Two Reservoirs 192

5.6 Carnot Cycle 196

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 199

CHAPTER 6 Using Entropy 206

6.1 Introducing Entropy 206

6.2 Defining Entropy Change 208

6.3 Retrieving Entropy Data 209

6.4 Entropy Change in Internally Reversible Processes 217

6.5 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems 220

6.6 Entropy Rate Balance for Control Volumes 231

6.7 Isentropic Processes 240

6.8 Isentropic Efficiencies of Turbines, Nozzles, Compressors, and Pumps 246

6.9 Heat Transfer and Work in Internally Reversible, Steady-State Flow Processes 254

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 257

CHAPTER 7 Exergy Analysis 272

7.1 Introducing Exergy 272

7.2 Defining Exergy 273

7.3 Closed System Exergy Balance 283

7.4 Flow Exergy 290

7.5 Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes 293

7.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency 303

7.7 Thermoeconomics 309

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 315

CHAPTER 8 Vapor Power Systems 325

8.1 Modeling Vapor Power Systems 325

8.2 Analyzing Vapor Power Systems--Rankline Cycle 327

8.3 Improving Performance--Superheat and Reheat 340

8.4 Improving Performance--Regenerative Vapor Power Cycle 346

8.5 Other Vapor Cycle Aspects 356

8.6 Case Study: Exergy Accounting of a Vapor Power Plant 358

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 365

CHAPTER 9 Gas Power Systems 373

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 373

9.1 Introducing Engine Terminology 373

9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle 375

9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle 381

9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle 385

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS 388

9.5 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants 388

9.6 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 389

9.7 Regenerative Gas Turbines 399

9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat and Intercooling 404

9.9 Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion 414

9.10 Combined Gas Turbine--Vapor Power Cycle 419

9.11 Ericsson and Stirling Cycles 424

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS 426

9.12 Compressible Flow Preliminaries 426

9.13 Analyzing One-Dimensional Steady Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 430

9.14 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers of Ideal Gases with Constant Specific Heats 436

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 444

CHAPTER 10 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems 454

10.1 Vapor Refrigeration Systems 454

10.2 Analyzing Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 457

10.3 Refrigerant Properties 465

10.4 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-Compression Systems 467

10.5 Absorption Refrigeration 469

10.6 Heat Pump Systems 471

10.7 Gas Refrigeration Systems 473

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 479

CHAPTER 11 Thermodynamic Relations 487

11.1 Using Equations of State 487

11.2 Important Mathematical Relations 494

11.3 Developing Property Relations 497

11.4 Evaluating Changes in Entropy, Internal Energy,and Enthalpy 504

11.5 Other Thermodynamic Relations 513

11.6 Constructing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 520

11.7 Generalized Charts for Enthalpy and Entropy 524

11.8 p-v-T Relations for Gas Mixtures 531

11.9 Analyzing Multicomponent Systems 536

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 548

CHAPTER 12 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychrometrics Applications 558

IDEAL GAS MIXTURES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 558

12.1 Describing Mixture Composition 558

12.2 Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas Mixtures 562

12.3 Evaluating U, H, Sand Specific Heats 564

12.4 Analyzing Systems Involving Mixtures 566

PSYCHROMETRIC APPLICATIONS 579

12.5 Introducing Psychrometric Principles 579

12.6 Psychrometers: Measuring the Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures 590

12.7 Psychrometric Charts 592

12.8 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes 593

12.9 Cooling Towers 609

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 611

CHAPTER 13 Reacting Mixtures and Combustion 620

COMBUSTION FUNDAMENTALS 620

13.1 Introducing Combustion 620

13.2 Conservation of Energy--Reacting Systems 629

13.3 Determining the Adiabatic Flame Temperature 641

13.4 Fuel Cells 645

13.5 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 648

CHEMICAL EXERGY 655

13.6 Introducing Chemical Exergy 655

13.7 Standard Chemical Exergy 659

13.8 Exergy Summary 664

13.9 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiencies of Reacting Systems 667

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 669

CHAPTER 14 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 679

EQUILIBRIUM FUNDAMENTALS 679

14.1 Introducing Equilibrium Criteria 679

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 684

14.2 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium 684

14.3 Calculating Equilibrium Compositions 686

14.4 Further Examples of the Use of the Equilibrium Constant 695

PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 704

14.5 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance 705

14.6 Equilibrium of Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems 706

Chapter Summary and Study Guide 711

Index 719