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作者：Godfrey Boyle
出版社：The Open University
出版年份：2004
ISBN：
页数：452 页

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《Renewable Energy》目录

标签：

CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCING RENEWABLE ENERGY 2

1.1 Introduction 2

Force，energy and power 3

Energy conservation：The First Law of Thermodynamics 4

Forms of energy 4

Conversion and efficiency 6

1.2 Present-day energy use 6

World energy supplies 6

Energy use in the UK 8

1.3 Fossil fuels and climate change 10

1.4 Renewable energy sources 11

Solar energy：Direct uses 11

Solar energy：Indirect uses 12

Non-solar renewables 13

1.5 Renewable energy in a sustainable future 14

References and further information 15

CHAPTER 2 SOLARTHERMAL ENERGY 18

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 The rooftop solar water heater 19

The pumped solar water heater 19

The thermosyphon solar water heater 20

2.3 The nature and availability of solar radiation 21

The wavelengths of solar radiation 21

Direct and diffuse radiation 22

Availability of solar radiation 22

Tilt and orientation 24

2.4 The magic of glass 26

Transparency 26

Heat loss mechanisms 27

2.5 Low-temperature solar energy applications 30

Domestic water heating 31

Domestic space heating 32

Varieties of solar heating system 34

2.6 Active solar heating 36

History 36

Solar collectors 36

Robustness，mounting and orientation 37

Active solar space heating 38

Interseasonal storage and solar district heating 39

2.7 Passive solar heating 40

History 40

Direct gain buildings as solar collectors 41

Passive solar heating versus superinsulation 41

Window energy balance 41

General passive solar heating techniques 45

Conservatories，greenhouses and atria 47

Trombe walls 48

Avoiding overshading 48

2.8 Daylighting 49

2.9 Solar thermal engines and electricity generation 51

The first solar engine age 52

The new solar age 54

Power towers 54

Parabolic trough concentrator systems 55

Parabolic dish concentrator systems 56

Solar ponds 56

Ocean thermal energy conversion（OTEC） 57

Solar chimneys 57

2.10 Economics，potential and environmental impact 58

Domestic active solar water heating 58

Swimming pool water heating 60

Active solar space heating and district heating 60

Passive solar heating and daylighting 60

Solar thermal engines and electricity generation 61

Conclusions 62

References 63

CHAPTER 3 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 66

3.1 Introduction 66

3.2 introducing photovoltaics 66

A brief history of PV 66

3.3 PV in silicon：basic principles 68

Semiconductors and ‘doping’ 68

The p—n junction 71

The PV effect 71

Monocrystalline silicon cells 75

3.4 Crystalline PV：reducing costs and raising efficiency 76

Polycrystalline silicon 76

Silicon ribbons and sheets 77

Gallium arsenide 77

3.5 Thin film PV 78

Amorphous silicon 78

Other thin film PV Technologies 79

3.6 Other innovative PV technologies 80

Multi-junction PV cells 80

Concentrating PV systems 80

Silicon spheres 81

Photoelectrochemical cells 81

‘Third generation’ PV Cells 82

3.7 Electrical characteristics of silicon PV cells and modules 83

3.8 PV systems for remote power 84

3.9 Grid-connected PV systems 85

PV systems for homes 85

PV Systems for non-domestic buildings 89

Large，grid-connected PV power plants 90

Satellite solar power 91

3.10 Costs of energy from PV 92

Reducing the costs of power from PV 94

3.11 Environmental impact and safety 95

Environmental impact and safety of PV systems 95

Environmental impact and safety of PV production 95

Energy balance of PV systems 96

3.12 PV integration，resources and future prospects 96

Integration 96

PV resources 98

The growing world photovoltaics market 98

Future prospects：national and international PV research，development and demonstration programmes 99

Realizing the global potential 100

References 101

Further information 103

CHAPTER 4 BIOENERGY 106

4.1 Introduction 106

4.2 Bioenergy past and present 108

From wood to coal 108

Present biomass contributions 108

4.3 Biomass as a fuel 109

What are fuels？ 109

Biomass as a solar energy store 111

Conversion efficiencies 112

4.4 Bioenergy sources Ⅰ：Energy crops 113

Woody crops 114

Agricultural crops 116

4.5 Bioenergy sources Ⅱ：Wastes 116

Wood residues 116

Temperate crop wastes 117

Tropical crop wastes 119

Animal wastes 119

Municipal solid waste 120

Landfill gas 120

Commercial and industrial wastes 122

4.6 Combustion of solid biomass 123

Combustion of wood and crop residues 123

Charcoal 124

Combustion of municipal solid wastes 125

4.7 Production of gaseous fuels from biomass 127

Anaerobic digestion 127

Anaerobic digesters for MSW 130

Gasification 131

4.8 Production of liquid fuels from biomass 133

Pyrolysis to produce bio-oil 133

Synthesizing liquid fuels 134

Fermentation to produce ethanol 134

Vegetable oils to biodiesel 136

4.9 Environmental benefits and impacts 137

Atmospheric emissions 137

Land use 139

Energy balance 140

4.10 Economics 141

Energy Prices 141

Costing bioenergy 141

Electricity from wastes 142

Electricity from Energy crops 143

4.11 Future prospects 144

References 145

CHAPTER 5 HYDROELECTRICITY 148

5.1 Introduction 148

5.2 The Galloway hydros 148

Origins 148

The scheme 149

Power 150

The turbines 150

The salmon 151

Economics 152

5.3 Hydro：The resource 153

The world resource 153

World capacity and output 154

5.4 Stored energy and available power 155

Stored potential energy 155

Power，head and flow rate 156

5.5 A brief history of water-power 157

The prime mover 157

Nineteenth-century hydro technology 160

5.6 Types of hydroelectric plant 161

Low，medium and high heads 162

Estimating the power 164

5.7 The Francis turbine 164

Action of the turbine 164

Maximizing the efficiency 167

Limits to the Francis turbine 167

5.8 ‘Propellers’ 168

5.9 Impulse turbines 169

Pelton wheels 169

Turgo and cross-flow turbines 171

5.10 Ranges of application 172

Specific speed 172

5.11 Small-scale hydroelectricity 173

World-wide developments 173

SSH in the UK 175

5.12 Environmental considerations 177

Hydrological effects 177

Dams and reservoirs 179

Social effects 181

Small-scale systems 182

Comparisons 182

5.13 Integration 183

Power stations as elements in a system 183

Pumped storage 184

5.14 Economics 186

Capital costs 186

Investing in hydroelectricity 188

5.15 Future prospects 190

Small-scale hydro（SSH） 191

References 192

CHAPTER 6 TIDAL POWER 196

6.1 Introduction 196

The nature of the resource 197

Basic physics 198

Power generation 203

6.2 Technical factors 204

6.3 Environmental factors 210

6.4 Integration 215

6.5 Economic factors 218

6.6 Tidal energy potential 223

United Kingdom 223

World 225

6.7 Tidal barrages：conclusions 228

6.8 Tidal streams 230

Practical projects in the UK 231

Tidal current projects and concepts around the world 234

6.9 Tidal current turbines：the next stage 237

6.10 Tidal current assessment 239

References 241

CHAPTER 7 WIND ENERGY 244

7.1 Introduction 244

7.2 The wind 245

Energy and power in the wind 248

7.3 Wind turbines 249

A brief history of wind energy 249

Wind turbine types 252

Horizontal axis wind turbines 253

Vertical axis wind turbines 255

7.4 Aerodynamics of wind turbines 256

Aerodynamic forces 256

Ae rofoi Is 258

Relative wind velocity 259

Harnessing aerodynamic forces 261

Horizontal axis wind turbines 261

Vertical axis wind turbines 264

7.5 Power and energy from wind turbines 265

How much power does a wind turbine produce？ 265

How much energy will wind turbines produce？ 266

Estimating wind speed characteristics of a site 268

7.6 Environmental impact 270

Environmental benefits of electricity generation by wind energy 270

Environmental impacts of wind turbines 270

Electromagnetic interference 273

Wind turbines and military aviation 274

Visual impact 274

Public attitudes to wind power 275

Wind turbines and birds 276

Additional environmental factors 277

Planning and wind energy 277

7.7 Economics 278

Calculating the costs of wind energy 278

7.8 Commercial development and wind energy potential 280

Wind energy developments world-wide 280

Small-scale wind turbines 283

Local community and co-operatively-owned wind turbines 283

Wind energy and buildings 284

Wind energy potential 285

7.9 Offshore wind energy 286

Offshore wind energy in the UK 288

References 292