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Part Ⅰ Communication and Culture 1

Chapter 1 Intercultural Communication:Interaction in a Changing World 2

Importance of Intercultural Communication 2

The Quantity and Quality of Intercultural Contacts 3

International Contacts 3

Domestic Contacts 9

Approaching Intercultural Communication 15

The Content of Intercultural Communcation 15

A Philosophy of Intercultural Communication 16

Studying Intercultural Communication 17

Individualism 17

Objectivity 19

Preview of the Book 19

Summary 20

Activities 21

Discussion Ideas 21

Chapter 2 Communication and Culture:The Voice and the Echo 22

Defining Communication 22

Complexity of Communication 23

Intentional and Unintentional Behavior 23

Components of Communication 24

Characteristics of Communication 27

No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact 27

We Can Only Infer 28

We Seek to Define the World 28

Communication Is Self-Reflective 29

The Brain Is an Open Sysrem 29

Communication Has a Consequence 30

We Are Alike and We Are Different 31

Understanding Culture 34

Basic Functions of Culture 34

Definitions of Culture 36

Characteristics of Culture 37

Intercultural Communication 48

A Definition of Intercultural Communication 48

Forms of Intercultural Communication 48

A Preview of Principles 51

Summary 52

Activities 53

Discussion Ideas 54

Part Ⅱ The Influence of Culture 55

Chapter 3 Cultural Diversity in Perception:Alternative Views of Reality 56

Understanding Perception 56

Culture and Perception 57

Beliefs 58

Values 60

Cultural Patterns 60

Dominant American Cultural Patterns 62

Diverse Cultural Patterns 65

Summary 85

Activities 86

Discussion Ideas 86

Chapter 4 The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality 87

World View 89

Religion as a World View 90

A Comparison of World Views 103

Family 105

Importance,Functions,and Types 105

Culture and Family 106

History 111

United States 112

African Americans 113

Jews 114

Russians 115

Chinese 116

Japanese 117

Summary 118

Activities 118

Discussion Ideas 118

Part Ⅲ From Theory to Practice 119

Chapter 5 Language and Culture:Words and Meanings 120

The Importance of Language 120

Language and Culture 122

Culture and Meaning 123

Culture and the Use of Language 125

Foreign Languages and Translation 131

Problems of Translation and Equivalence 132

Working with a Translator 134

Language Diversity in the United States 136

Argot 136

Co-Cultures and Language Use 139

Summary 144

Activities 145

Discussion Ideas 145

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Communication:The Messages of Action,Space,Time,and Silence 147

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication 147

Defining Nonverbal Communication 149

Functions of Nonverbal Communication 150

Repeating 150

Complementing 150

Substituting 150

Regulating 151

Contradicting 151

Nonverbal Communication:Guidelines and Limitations 151

Nonverbal Communication and Culture 152

Body Behavior 153

Space and Distance 164

Time 167

Silence 170

Summary 173

Activities 174

Discussion Ideas 174

Chapter 7 Cultural Influences on Context:The Business Setting 175

Context and Communication 175

Culture and the Business Context 177

The International Business Context 179

Cultural Views Toward Management and Mangers 179

Culture-Specific Business Practices 182

The Domestic Business Context 192

The Importance of Diversity in Advertising 192

Value Conflicts in the Workforce 193

Summary 196

Activities 197

Discussion Ideas 197

Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Context:The Educational Setting 198

Educational Differences 199

Education in Korea 200

Education in Japan 201

Education in Mexico 203

Multicultural Education in the United States 204

Approaches to Multicultural Education 205

Learning Styles 205

Language Diversity 210

Gender,Culture,and the Classroom 214

Multicultural Teaching Competencies 216

Classrooms of the Future:Technology as a Bridge to Culture 218

Summary 219

Activities 221

Discussion Ideas 221

Chapter 9 Cultural Influences on Context:The Health Care Setting 222

Explanations,Treatment,and Prevention of Illness 223

Culrural Variations in the Cause of Illness 224

Cultural Variations in the Treatment of Illness 225

Cultural Variations in the Prevention of Illness 226

Religion,Spirituality,and Health Care 227

Gender Roles and Health Care 229

Male Dominance in the Health Care Setting 229

Female Purity and Modesty 230

Pregnancy and Childbirth 230

The United States:Health Care in a Diverse Patient Population 232

Self-Disclosure 232

Language Barriers 232

Nonverbal Messages 233

Formality 234

Improving the Multicultural Health Care Interaction 235

Summary 236

Activities 237

Discussion Ideas 238

Part Ⅳ Knowledge into Action 239

Chapter 10 Accepting Differences and Appreciating Similarities:A Point of View 240

A Philosophy of Change 241

The Brain Is an Open System 241

We Have Free Choice 242

Potential Problems in Intercultural Communication 243

Seeking Similarities 243

Uncertainty Reduction 244

Diversity of Communication Purposes 245

Stereotyping and Prejudice 246

Power 248

Culture Shock 249

Ethnocentrism 250

Improving Intercultural Communication 251

Know Yourself 253

Consider the Physical and Human Settings 255

Seek to Understand Diverse Message Systems 257

Develop Empathy 259

Encourage Feedback 262

Learn About Cultural Adaptation 263

Ethical Considerations 265

A Definition of Ethics 265

Guidelines for an Intercultural Ethic 267

Summary 271

Activities 272

Discussion Ideas 272

Notes 273

Index 293

文库索引 304