INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICEPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 5

Section Ⅰ Steps in History 5

1 The Establishment of the System of International Criminal Justice&Roberto Bellelli 5

1. International Crimes as a Threat to International Peace and Security 5

2. Shared Responsibilities in the Suppression of Crimes of International Concern 6

A. The Primary Responsibility of States 6

B. Lessons Learnt throughout History 6

C. The Responsibility to Protect 7

D. Protection through International Justice 10

3. The Foundations of International Criminal Justice 11

A. Early Experiences: Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials 11

B. The UN Ad Hoc Tribunals 12

C. The Hybrid Courts 14

D. Other International Assistance in Criminal Justice 15

E. Common Features of UN Lead Efforts in International Criminal Justice 16

4. The International Criminal Court 17

A. The Rome Statute's System 17

B. The Subject Matter Jurisdiction 24

C. Individual Criminal Responsibility 31

D. The Trigger Mechanism 39

E. Distinctive Principles of the Court 42

F. Cooperation 59

G. The Review of the Statute 60

5. Conclusion 62

Section Ⅱ The Experience of the UN Tribunals and their Completion Strategies 67

2 The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia&Fausto Pocar 67

1. Introduction 67

2. Establishment and Landmark Developments 67

A. Significance of the Tribunal 67

B. Issues Related to the Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence 68

C. The Blending of Different Legal Traditions 68

3. ICTY Core Achievements 69

A. Continued Challenge to Impunity 69

B. Fair Trials before the ICTY 69

C. International Criminal Law Developments through ICTY Jurisprudence 70

D. The ICTY as Catalyst for Other Criminal Jurisdictions 72

4. Completion Strategy and Legacy 72

A. Completion Strategy 73

B. Upholding Due Process and Avoiding Lengthy Trials 76

C. Developing Local Capacity 77

D. Cooperation of States 77

5. Conclusion 77

3 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda&Erik Mose 79

1. Introduction 79

2. Establishment and Development 79

A. First Mandate (1995 to 1999) 79

B. Second Mandate (1999 to 2003) 81

C. Third Mandate (2003 to 2007) 82

D. The Final Period (from June 2007) 83

3. Lessons Learnt 84

A. Insufficient Number of Judges 85

B. Separate Prosecutor 86

C. Amendments of the Rules 86

D. Interpretation and Translation 87

E. Other Measures 88

F. Reduced Trial Time 89

4. Other Achievements 89

A. Accountability for Leaders 89

B. Fair Trial by Impartial Tribunal 90

C. Creating Jurisprudence 91

D. Victims and Witnesses 92

E. Reconciliation 93

5. Completion Strategy 94

A. Introduction 94

B. Completion of Trials 95

C. Indictees at Large 96

D. Transfer of Cases 96

6. Residual Issues 98

7. Conclusion 99

4 The Special Court for Sierra Leone&Renate Winter 101

1. Introduction 101

A. The Contribution of the Court 101

B. Background 101

2. Bilateral Treaty Establishing a 'Hybrid' Tribunal 103

A. Established Pursuant to a Bilateral Treaty 103

B. A 'Hybrid' Tribunal 103

3. Fundraising and the Management Committee 104

4. A Streamlined Court for 'Persons who Bear the Greatest Responsibility' 106

A. Those Bearing the Greatest Responsibility 106

B. Notice Pleading and Use of a 'Case Summary' 107

5. Legality and Constitutionality of the Special Court 108

A. Background 108

B. Competence and Jurisdiction of the Special Court to Decide the Legality of its Creation 108

C. Constitutionality of the Special Court 109

6. Amnesty Agreement 110

A. Background 110

B. Status of the Lome Agreement 111

C. Validity of Article 10 of the Statute 112

7. Head of State Immunity 112

8. Witness Protection 113

9. Legacy 114

10. Completion Strategy 116

11. Residual Mechanism 117

A. The 'Residual Functions' 117

B. Ongoing and A d Hoc Functions 120

12. Conclusion 121

PART Ⅱ INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION 125

5 Reflections Based on the ICTY's Experience&Carla Del Ponte 125

1. Introduction 125

2. The Complexity of International Investigations 126

3. Engaging Experienced and Qualified Personnel 126

4. Collecting Evidence 127

5. The Protection of Threatened Witnesses 127

6. The Selection of Suspects 128

7. Cooperation with the ICTY 128

8. Conclusion 129

6 Challenges Related to Investigation and Prosecution at the International Criminal Court&Fatou Bensouda 131

1. Introduction 131

2. Structure of the Court 131

3. Principles that Guide the Work of the Office of the Prosecutor 131

A. Independence 132

B. Objectivity 133

C. Complementarity 133

4. Principal Challenges 134

A. Investigating Situations of Ongoing Conflict 134

B. Distance between the Court and the Situations Under Investigation 138

C. Operating in Diverse Cultural Contexts 139

D. Unprecedented Legal Challenges 139

E. Cooperation 140

F. The Interplay between Investigations/Prosecutions and Conflict Resolution Initiatives 141

5. Conclusion 142

7 The Early Experience of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia&Chea Leang and William Smith 143

1. Introduction 143

2. Overview of the ECCC Goals 143

3. Current State of Affairs 144

4. The Cambodian Context 144

5. Establishment, Structure and Process 145

A. Establishment 145

B. Hybrid Structure 145

C. Civil Law Model with Alterations 146

D. Chambers 147

6. Distinctive Features 147

7. Jurisdiction 147

8. Case Selection and Charging Policy 148

A. Responsibility and Challenges 148

B. Case Selection Policy 149

C. Charging Policy 150

9. Character of the Crimes 151

A. General Features 151

B. Categories of Crimes 151

C. Criminal Conduct 152

10. The Perpetrators 153

11. Procedure and Evidence 154

A. Challenges 154

B. Preliminary Investigations 154

C. Documentary Evidence 155

12. Early Practices 156

A. Human Resources 156

B. Consensus and Capacity Building Issues 157

13. Victims and Witnesses 158

A. Relevance 158

B. Legal Provisions 158

C. The Witnesses/Experts Support Unit 159

14. Cooperation with States, International Organizations and NGOs 161

A. The Government of Cambodia 161

B. Other States 162

C. International and National Non-Governmental Organizations 163

15. Conclusion 163

A. ECCC's Unique Contribution 163

B. Evaluating Results or Improving Output 163

C. Influence from Other National or International Jurisdictions 164

D. Seeking Outside Experience 164

E. Importance of Transferring Lessons Learned 164

PART Ⅲ JURISDICTION AND CASE-LAW 169

Section Ⅰ Jurisdiction Over International Crimes 169

8 The History and the Evolution of the Notion of International Crimes&Paola Gaeta 169

1. The Emergence of Prohibitions of Conducts Amounting to International Crimes 169

2. The Notion of International Crimes Proper 171

3. The Uncertain Status of the Crimes of Aggression, Torture and Terrorism 174

4. The Relevance of the Notion of International Crimes 175

A. International Crimes Proper and Treaty-Based Crimes 175

B. What the International Criminalization of Individuals' Conduct Entails for States in the Area of Criminal Law 176

C. The Inconsistency of Some Traditional Legal Constructs with the International Criminalization of Individuals' Conduct 179

5. Conclusion 180

9 Concurrent Jurisdictions between Primacy and Complementarity&Flavia Lattanzi 181

1. Introduction 181

2. Concurrence and Primacy of UN Ad Hoc Tribunals 186

3. Complementarity in Preparatory Works of the ICC Statute 188

4. Complementarity in the Preamble to the ICC Statute 189

5. Conditions of Admissibility 190

A. Unwillingness 191

B. Inability 193

C. Sufficient Gravity of the Crime 196

6. Admissibility at the Stage of Investigations 197

A. The Reasonable Basis 197

B. Preliminary Ruling 198

7. Inapplicability of Article 18 to Referrals by the Security Council 202

8. Self-Referrals 204

9. ICC's Direct Repressive Role 204

A. Alternative Forms of Justice 204

B. Proactive Complementarity 207

10. Conclusion 208

10 Obligation to Cooperate and Duty to Implement&Roberto Bellelli 211

1. Responsibility to Protect and Complementarity 211

2. Implementation 212

A. A Mandatory Option 212

B. The Scope of Criminality 215

3. Cooperation 222

A. International Cooperation Proper 223

B. Cooperation at Large 228

C. Challenges for Cooperation 230

D. Indirect Cooperation 232

E. Remedies for Incompliance 236

4. Conclusion 240

11 Addressing the Impunity Gap through Cooperation&Nicola Piacente 241

1. Introduction 241

2. The Complementary Jurisdiction of the ICC 241

A. General Features 241

B. Existing Lacunae Under the Principle of Complementarity 242

C. Ensuring Complementarity through Universal Jurisdiction and International Cooperation 243

D. Tribunals 'Statues and Serious Crimes Established Under the Relevant Conventions 244

E. Jurisdiction of States Parties Under Existing Binding Instruments 245

3. Jurisdiction of States Parties Under Some International Instruments 255

4. Cooperation in Corporate Liability 257

5. Confiscation and Seizure - 261

6. Conclusion 263

Section Ⅱ Select Practice 267

12 Genocide Case Law at the ICTY&Susanne Malmstrom 267

1. Introduction 267

A. The ICTY's Scope of Jurisdiction 267

B. Outcome of Indictments 268

2. Definition of the Crime of Genocide 271

A. Actus Reus 271

B. Mens Rea 277

3. Conclusion 283

13 Crimes Against Humanity in the Former Yugoslavia&B. Don Taylor III 285

1. Introduction 285

2. Crimes Against Humanity (Article 5 ICTYSt) 287

A. Jurisdictional Prerequisite: Armed Conflict 287

B. General Elements 288

3. Conclusion 294

14 War Crimes at the ICTY: Jurisdictional and Substantive Issues&Guido Acquaviva 295

1. Introductory Remarks 295

2. War Crimes in Historical Perspective 295

3. War Crimes before the ICTY 296

4. Armed Conflicts 297

5. Jokic and Strugar: The Destruction of Cultural Property 302

6. Galic: Attack Against Civilians and Terrorization of the Civilian Population 303

A. Introductory Notes 303

B. Jurisdictional Issues 305

C. How to Prove the Crime of Terror 308

7. Conclusion 310

15 Gender-Based Violence Offences and Crimes Against Children at the SCSL&Renate Winter and Stephen Kostas 311

1. Introduction 311

2. Gender-Based Violence 313

A. Provisions of the Statute and Rules that Address Gender-Based Violence 313

B. Gender-Based Violence in the Cases of the Special Court 314

3. Offences Involving Children 320

A. Provisions of the Statute and Rules Regarding Juvenile Justice and Child Soldiers 320

B. Case Law on Child Soldiers 322

4. Conclusion 328

16 The War Crimes Chamber in the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina&Melika Murtezic 329

1. Introduction 329

2. Application of Substantive Law 330

A. General Features 330

B. The Principles of Legality and of Favor Rei 332

C. Case Law 335

3. Procedural Connections with the ICTY 338

A. Acceptance of Facts Established by the ICTY 338

B. Use of Evidence Collected at ICTY 340

4. The Right of the Accused to Present his Own Defence 341

5. Cases when the Accused Refuses to Appear 343

6. Protection of Witnesses 346

7. Conclusion 349

PART Ⅳ THE ICC AND ITS FUTURE 355

Section I The Review Conference 355

17 The Object of Review Mechanisms: Statutes' Provisions, Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence&Otto Triffterer 355

1. Introduction: Scope, Present Importance and Starting Positions 355

2. Amendments Barred Under International Criminal Law 358

A. Penal Provisions as an Inherent Part of the Law of Nations 358

B. Sources 358

C. Addressees 359

D. Scope and Notion of Responsibility 360

E. Irrelevance of Official Capacity and the List of Crimes 362

3. Modalities for Reviewing and Objects of the Review Conferences 365

A. Possible Additional Scope of the Review Conference 365

B. Optional and Obligatory Issues to be Considered. Articles 5(2) and 124 366

C. The 'Settlement of Disputes' Under Article 119 367

D. Article 10 Open Doors to Developments of International Law 367

E. The (Limited) Law-Making Power of the Court 367

4. Common Guidelines on How to Proceed, and Examples Promising to be Effective 368

A. Reviewing the Relevant Documents and Proposing Amendments 368

B. Importance of the Final Act of the 1998 Rome Conference 368

C. The Ius Puniendi of the International Community and Enforcement Mechanisms 370

D. Superior Responsibility: An Extension of Article 25 or a Crime Sui Generis? 371

E. 'Collateral Damage' and Friendly Fire' under Article 8(2) (b) (iv) 372

F. Employing Weapons Listed in an Annex to the Statute. Article 8(2)(b)(xx) 375

G. Using Certain Protected Persons as Shields. Article 8(2)(b)(xxiii) 376

H. Supporting Impunity by Proposing Elements to Narrow the Definitions of Crimes? 376

I. Rules to be Amended? 377

5. Conclusion 380

A. Unpredictable Developments as a Challenge to the Court 380

B. International Criminal Law and Enforcement of Human Rights 381

18 Universality: Momentum and Consensus for the ICC&Jurg Lindenmann 383

1. The Road from the Rome Statute 383

2. A Representative Court 384

3. Toward a Universally Accepted Institution 384

4. The Future of the Court: Conclusions 385

19 The Law of the Statute and its Practice Under Review&Roberto Bellelli 387

1. The Scope of the Review Conference 387

A. The Preparatory Process 387

B. The Integrity of the Rome Statute 391

C. Transparency and Inclusiveness of the Process 393

D. Nature of and Competence for Amendments 393

2. Developments Since 1998 399

A. Law and Practice 399

B. Detection or Stocktaking 400

3. The Scope for Amendments 401

A. Issues Under Review 401

B. The Weapons Provision 401

C. The Opt-Out Clause 405

D. Treaty Crimes 407

E. Sentence Enforcement 409

F. The Object of Other Possible Proposals 410

4. Age Limit and Term of Office for Elected Officials (Article 36(3)) 410

A. Features and Interpretation of the Regime 411

B. The ICC Practice 412

C. Consequences of the Regime 413

D. Towards an Age Limit 414

5. Lists of Candidates (Article 36(3) and (5)) and the Composition of Divisions and Chambers (Article 39(2), (3)(b) and (4)) 415

A. Qualifications of Judges 415

B. Issues and Criteria in the Composition of Divisions 416

C. The Recent Practice 420

D. Proposed Solutions 421

6. Future Elections of Judges (Article 36(9)) 424

7. Term of Office for Judges and Composition of the Chambers (Article 36(10)) 426

A. The Legal Framework 426

B. The Practice at the Court 426

C. Management Powers of the Presidency 426

D. Composition of the Court 428

E. Meaning of 'Continuation in Office' 429

8. Election of the Deputy Registrar (Article 43(4)) 430

A. The Deputies 'Role Under the Statute 430

B. The Choice of Deputies 431

9. Trials In Absentia (Article 63) 433

A. Impossible Trials 433

B. International Criminal Procedure 434

C. Lessons Learned at the Ad Hoc International Tribunals 435

D. Practice and Issues at the ICC 436

E. Trials in Absentia Under Human Rights Law 437

F. The Precedent of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon 442

G. Contempt Cases in Absentia at the ICTY 443

H. The Interests of Justice at the ICC 443

I. Implications for the ICC 447

10. Functions and Powers of the Trial Chamber. Subpoena Powers (Article 64) 448

A. Only Willing Witnesses Appear at the ICC 448

B. National Legislation and Practice 448

C. International Practice 449

11. Victims' Participation (Article 68) 451

12. Written Testimony (Article 69(2)) 453

A. Implications of Witness Personal Appearance 453

B. The Practice at ICTY 454

C. The Limits of the ICC Legal Framework 455

D. Enhancing the Preservation of Deposition 455

13. From the PrepCom to the Subsidiary Bodies of the ASP (Article 112(2)(a)) 456

14. Review of the Statute after the First Review Conference (Article 123) 457

15. Conclusion 458

20 Appearance of Witnesses and Unavailability of Subpoena Powers for the Court&Goran Sluiter 459

1. Introduction 459

2. Dimensions of Subpoena Powers in International Criminal Justice 460

3. The ICC Legislative History 461

4. Is there a Right for Witnesses Not to Appear before the Court? 466

5. Fairness and Proper Administration of Justice 468

6. Conclusion and Recommendations 471

21 Implementing International Humanitarian Law through the Rome Statute&Anne-Marie La Rosa and Gabriel Chavez Tafur 473

1. Introduction 473

2. Incorporating Serious Violations of IHL into Domestic Legislation 474

3. Analysis of Article 8 of the Rome Statute 479

A. Lacunae for International Armed Conflicts 480

B. Lacunae for Non-International Armed Conflicts 481

C. Limitations 482

4. An Integrated Approach to Implementation of IHL 483

5. The Role of the ICC and its First Review Conference 485

6. Conclusion 487

22 The 'Weapons Provisions' and its Annex: The Belgian Proposals&Roger S. Clark 489

1. Introduction 489

2. First Belgian Proposal, Addressing the 'Annex to Article 8 paragraph 2, b) xx of the Rome Statute' 491

3. Second Belgian Proposal: Draft Amendments to the Rome Statute 494

4. Conclusion 495

Section Ⅱ The Crime of Aggression 499

23 State Responsibility for Acts of Aggression Under the United Nations Charter: A Review of Cases&Edoardo Greppi 499

1. Aggression and Collective Security 499

A. General Features 499

B. Historical Bases for a Definition 500

C. The 1974 General Assembly Definition of Aggression 502

2. The Role of the Security Council 504

3. A Review of Cases. The Security Council 507

A. Southern Rhodesia 507

B. South Africa 508

C. Benin 510

D. Tunisia 510

E. Falkland Islands 510

F. Iraq 510

4. A Review of Cases. The General Assembly 511

A. Korea 511

B. Namibia 511

C. South Africa 512

D. The Middle East 512

E. Bosnia and Herzegovina 513

F. Afghanistan 514

5. A Review of Cases. The International Court of Justice 514

A. The Advisory Opinion on Certain Expenses of the United Nations 514

B. The Contentious Case of the US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran 514

C. The Provisional Measures in the Cases Concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali) and the Land Maritime Boundary (Cameroon/Nigeria) 515

D. Legal Disputes Concerning the Use of Force or Aggression (Nicaragua and Congo Cases) 515

6. Conclusion 517

24 Individual Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression&Muhammad Aziz Shukri 519

1. Introduction 519

2. Individual Criminal Responsibility for Aggression Prior to the Rome Statute 521

A. The Rules of Traditional International Law 522

B. The Lesson of World War I 523

C. The Practice of Trials Following World War II 526

3. Individual Criminal Responsibility for Aggression Under the Rome Statute 531

A. States in Favour of the ICC Jurisdiction Over the Crime of Aggression 533

B. States with Reservations on the ICC Jurisdiction Over the Crime of Aggression 534

C. Assessing the Different Positions of States 535

4. The Rome Compromise on the Crime of Aggression 537

5. Elements for a Regime 539

6. The Efforts of the Preparatory Commission 539

7. Searching for a Viable Option 541

8. Conclusion 543

25 National Legislation on Individual Responsibility for Conduct Amounting to Aggression&Astrid Reisinger Cor acini 547

1. Preliminary Considerations 547

A. Indirect Enforcement of Crimes Under International Law and the Principle of Complementarity 547

B. Method of Research 549

2. Norms Implementing the Crime of Aggression Under International Law 551

A. Leadership Element 553

B. The Individuals Conduct 557

C. Act of Aggression by a State 561

D. Jurisdiction of Domestic Courts to Enforce the Crime of Aggression 564

3. Norms Criminalizing Conduct, which Includes Elements of the Crime of Aggression 566

A. Preparation of a War of Aggression 567

B. Incitement to a War of Aggression and Propaganda of War 569

C. Waging a War, Conspiracy and Other Treasonable Offences 570

D. Hostile Acts 573

4. Conclusion 576

26 The Crime of Aggression before the First Review of the ICC Statute&Claus Kreβ 579

1. Introduction 579

2. Building a Definition and a Procedure 582

3. The Individual Responsibility 582

4. The Act of Aggression 583

5. The Role of the Security Council 585

6. Conclusion 587

27 The Crime of Aggression and Complementarity&Pal Wrange 591

1. Introduction 591

2. Complementarity 591

3. Scenario I: The ICC is Ready to Exercise Jurisdiction, but National Authorities are Seized of the Case 593

A. Conditions of Scenario I 593

B. Issues before National Jurisdictions 593

4. Scenario II: The ICC Cannot Exercise Jurisdiction In Casu 598

5. Scenario III: There is No Provision on the Crime of Aggression 604

6. Conclusion 605

28 A Pragmatic Approach to the Crime of Aggression&David Scheffer 609

1. Introduction 609

2. New Article 8bis 610

3. Article 15bis: Language Common to Both Options 611

A. Option I: Judicial Green Light 612

B. Option II: Soft Green Light 617

4. Conclusion 617

29 Against the Odds:The Results of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression&Stefan Barriga 621

1. Introduction 621

2. The Princeton Process on the Crime of Aggression 621

A. Issues Remaining Open for Future Discussion 623

B. Factors Contributing to the Success of the Princeton Process 623

3. The Outcome of the SWGCA: A Watershed in the Negotiations on Aggression 625

A. The Definition of the Individual's Crime of Aggression 626

B. The Definition of the State Act' of Aggression 629

C. The Conditions for the Exercise of Jurisdiction:The Role of the Security Council 632

D. Entry into Force Procedures for the Amendment on Aggression 635

4. The Remaining Challenge: Jurisdiction Over Dissenting States 637

5. Conclusion 640

Index 645