Decision Support and Data Warehouse SystemsPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ Introduction to Decision Support Systems 3

1 INTRODUCTION TO DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3

1.1 How Decision Support Systems Evolved 4

1.2 What Is a DSS？ 10

1.3 Why Decision Support Systems Matter 13

1.4 DSS Benefits 17

1.5 Why Study DSS？ 23

1.6 The Plan of This Book 23

Summary 27

Key Terms 27

Review Questions 28

Exercises 28

References 30

Fort Lowell Trading Company 31

2 HUMAN DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES 36

2.1 What Is a Decision？ 37

2.2 The Decision Process 39

2.2.1 The Intelligence Phase 39

2.2.2 The Design Phase 40

2.2.3 The Choice Phase 40

2.3 Types of Decisions 42

2.4 How Businesspeople Make Decisions 47

2.4.1 The Rational Manager 48

2.4.2 Subjective Utility 51

2.4.3 Systematic Decision Making 54

2.4.4 Satisficing 57

2.4.5 Organizational and Political Decision Making 57

2.5 The Impact of Psychological Type on Decision Making 59

2.6 The Impact of Culture on Decision Making 64

2.7 The Kepner-Tregoe Decision-Making Method 65

2.7.1 State the Purpose of the Decision 66

2.7.2 Establish Objectives 67

2.7.3 Classify According to Importance 67

2.7.4 Generate Alternatives 68

2.7.5 Evaluate Alternatives Against Objectives 69

2.7.6 Tentatively，Choose the Best Alternative 70

2.7.7 Assess Adverse Consequences 70

2.7.8 Make a Final Choice 71

Summary 73

Key Terms 73

Review Questions 74

Exercises 75

References 77

Fort Lowell Trading Company 79

Exercises 82

3 SYSTEMS，INFORMATION QUALITY，AND MODELS 83

3.1 About Systems 84

3.2 Information Systems 88

3.3 Data Flow Diagrams 90

3.4 DSS as Information Systems 92

3.5 Information and Information Quality 94

3.5.1 Information Versus Data 94

3.5.2 Information Quality 97

3.5.3 Information Quality Factors 98

3.6 Models 119

Summary 120

Key Terms 122

Review Questions 123

Exercises 123

References 126

Fort Lowell Trading Company 127

Exercises 128

4 TYPES OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 129

4.1 The DSS Hierarchy 130

4.1.1 Overview of the DSS Hierarchy 130

4.1.2 The Seven DSS Types 131

4.1.3 Applying the DSS Types to Airline Yield Management 134

4.2 Generalizing the DSS Categories 143

4.3 Matching DSS to the Decision Type 143

4.4 Individual and Group DSS 144

4.5 Matching Benefits to the DSS User Community 145

4.6 Matching DSS to the Decision Maker’s Psychological Type 146

4.6.1 Introversion/Extraversion 147

4.6.2 Sensing/Intuition 147

4.6.3 Thinking/Feeling 148

4.6.4 Judgment/Perception 148

4.6.5 Combinations of Preferences 148

4.7 Usage Modes 149

4.8 Institutional Versus Ad Hoc DSS 151

Summary 152

Key Terms 153

Review Questions 154

Exercises 154

References 156

Fort Lowell Trading Company 156

Exercises 159

PART Ⅱ Building and Implementing Decision Support Systems 163

5 DSS ARCHITECTURE，HARDWARE，AND OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORMS 163

5.1 Defining the DSS Architecture 164

5.2 The Major Options 168

5.3 DSS on the Central Corporate System 169

5.4 DSS and Client/Server Computing 171

5.5 The Internet and Client/Server Computing in DSS 177

5.6 DSS Using Shared Data on a Separate System 179

5.7 DSS on a Stand-Alone System 182

5.8 Open Systems and DSS 184

5.9 Choosing a DSS Hardware Environment 189

Summary 190

Key Terms 190

Review Questions 191

Exercises 192

References 193

Fort Lowell Trading Company 193

Exercises 196

6 DSS SOFTWARE TOOLS 197

6.1 DSS Software Categories 198

6.2 Standard Packages 201

6.3 Specialized Tools and Generators 201

6.3.1 Database Management Systems 202

6.3.2 Information Retrieval Packages 211

6.3.3 Specialized Modeling Languages 213

6.3.4 Statistical Data Analysis Packages 218

6.3.5 Forecasting Packages 224

6.3.6 Graphing Packages 228

6.4 Programming Languages for DSS 228

6.4.1 Third-Generation Programming Languages 229

6.4.2 Fourth-Generation Programming Languages 230

6.5 DSS User Interfaces 235

6.5.1 Factors to Consider in User Interface Design 236

6.5.2 User Interface Styles 240

6.5.3 Hypertext/Hypermedia 245

Summary 248

Key Terms 250

Review Questions 252

Exercises 252

References 254

Fort Lowell Trading Company 255

Exercises 256

7 BUILDING AND IMPLEMENTING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 258

7.1 The DSS Development Process 259

7.1.1 The SDLC Approach 260

7.1.2 Prototyping 261

7.1.3 End-User Development 264

7.2 DSS Development Project Participants 266

7.3 The Implementation Stage 268

7.4 System Conversion 271

7.5 Overcoming Resistance to Change 273

7.5.1 Unfreezing 275

7.5.2 Moving 276

7.5.3 Refreezing 277

7.6 DSS Implementation Issues 278

7.6.1 Technical DSS Implementation Issues 279

7.6.2 User-Related DSS Implementation Issues 280

7.7 Using the Lists of Issues 284

7.8 Ethical Issues in DSS Implementation 285

Summary 290

Key Terms 291

Review Questions 292

Exercises 292

References 294

Fort Lowell Trading Company 295

Exercises 296

8 MODELS IN DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 297

8.1 Types of Models 298

8.1.1 Model Types 299

8.1.2 Model Types Used in DSS 300

8.1.3 Simplification in Models 307

8.2 Discrete-Event Simulation Models 309

8.2.1 The Concept of Discrete-Event Simulation 309

8.2.2 A Discrete-Event Simulation Example 311

8.2.3 Designing a Discrete-Event Simulation Model 315

8.2.4 Another Simulation Example 320

8.2.5 Complete Simulation Studies 323

8.3 Random Numbers，Pseudo-random Numbers，and Statistical Distributions 325

8.4 Static Simulation Models 329

Summary 334

Key Terms 335

Review Questions 336

Exercises 336

References 341

Fort Lowell Trading Company 342

Exercises 344

9 MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND OPTIMIZATION 346

9.1 Queuing Models 347

9.1.1 Queuing Theory Concepts 348

9.1.2 A Queuing Theory Example 348

9.1.3 Generalizing the Solution 351

9.1.4 Arrival and Departure Time Distributions 352

9.1.5 Queuing Theoryon a Computer 354

9.2 Markov Process Models 355

9.2.1 The Markov Process Model Concept 355

9.2.2 Computer Calulations for Markov Processes 357

9.3 Simulation，Queuing Theory，and Markov Processes Compared 357

9.4 Optimization 358

9.4.1 Complete Enumeration 358

9.4.2 Random Search 360

9.4.3 The Calculus Approach 361

9.4.4 Linear Programming（LP） 363

9.4.5 Numerical Methods 368

Summary 372

Key Terms 374

Review Questions 375

Exercises 375

References 378

Fort Lowell Trading Company 379

Exercises 383

10 GROUP DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 384

10.1 What Are Group DSS？ 385

10.2 Why Group DSS Now？ 386

10.2.1 Organizational Reasons for GDSS Growth 386

10.2.2 Technical Reasons for Group DSS Growth 387

10.2.3 Putting the Factors Together 388

10.3 Group Versus Individual Activities 388

10.4 Media Richness and Task Types 390

10.4.1 Richness 390

10.4.2 Task 391

10.4.3 Task and Media Fit 392

10.5 Types of Group DSS 393

10.6 Groupware 396

10.7 Group DSS in Use Today 399

10.7.1 Electronic Meeting Systems 399

10.7.2 Work Flow Systems 403

10.8 Groupware Products 406

10.8.1 Collaborative Authoring：DOLPHIN and MERMAID 406

10.8.2 Lotus Notes 408

10.8.3 InConcert Work Flow 412

Summary 414

Key Terms 415

Review Questions 416

Exercises 417

References 419

Fort Lowell Trading Company 420

Exercises 423

11 EXPERT SYSTEMS 424

11.1 Artificial Intelligence 425

11.2 Expert Systems：The Basic Idea 427

11.3 Confidence Factors 430

11.4 Fuzzy Logic 432

11.5 Expert System Development Tools 434

11.5.1 Shells 434

11.5.2 Languages 440

11.6 Choosing a Good Expert System Application 442

11.7 Finding the Expert（s） 447

11.8 Expert Systems and DSS 449

11.9 Pros and Cons of Expert Systems 451

Summary 453

Key Terms 454

Review Questions 455

Exercises 455

References 457

Fort Lowell Trading Company 458

Exercises 459

PART Ⅲ Data Warehousing 465

12 DATA WAREHOUSING AND EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS 465

12.1 What Is a Data Warehouse？ 466

12.2 Who Uses Data Warehouses？ 470

12.3 Why Data Warehouses Now？ 471

12.4 Data Warehouse Concepts 472

12.5 Executive Information Systems 476

Summary 484

Key Terms 485

Review Questions 486

Exercises 486

References 488

Fort Lowell Trading Company 489

Exercises 490

13 THE DATA WAREHOUSE DATABASE 491

13.1 Content of the Data Warehouse Database 492

13.2 Database Structures 494

13.2.1 Organizing a Relational Data Warehouse 495

13.2.2 Multidimensional Database Structures 498

13.2.3 Choosing a Structure 501

13.3 Getting Data Into the Data Warehouse 503

13.3.1 Extraction 503

13.3.2 Transformation 504

13.3.3 Cleansing 507

13.3.4 Loading 510

13.3.5 Summarization 511

13.4 Metadata 514

13.4.1 Human Metadata 514

13.4.2 Computer-based Metadata for People to Use 516

13.4.3 Computer-based Metadata for the Computer to Use 516

Summary 518

Key Terms 519

Review Questions 520

Exercises 520

References 521

Fort Lowell Trading Company 522

Exercises 523

14 ANALYZING THE CONTENTS OF THE DATA ？AREHOUSE 524

14.1 Active Analysis：User Queries 525

14.1.1 OLAP Example 531

14.1.2 OLAP Software Architecture 532

14.1.3 Web-based OLAP 537

14.1.4 General OLAP Product Characteristics 537

14.2 Automated Analysis：Data Mining 542

14.2.1 Creating a Decision Tree 545

14.2.2 Correlation and Other Statistical Analyses 547

14.2.3 Neural Networks 548

14.2.4 Nearest Neighbor Approaches 551

14.2.5 Putting the Results to Use 552

Summary 553

Key Terms 554

Review Questions 554

Exercises 555

References 556

Fort Lowell Trading Company 556

Exercises 561

15 CONSTRUCTING A DATA WAREHOUSE SYSTEM 562

15.1 Stages of the Project 563

15.2 The Planning Stage 567

15.2.1 Justifying the Data Warehouse 567

15.2.2 Obtaining User Buy-in 570

15.2.3 Overcoming Resistance to the Data Warehouse 571

15.2.4 Developing a Project Plan 573

15.3 Data Warehouse Design Approaches 576

15.4 The Architecture Stage 577

15.4.1 The Data Warehouse Database 577

15.4.2 The Analysis Architecture 578

15.4.3 Data Warehouse Hardware 579

15.5 Hints for Data Warehousing Project Success 582

Summary 586

Key Terms 588

Review Questions 588

Exercises 589

References 591

Fort Lowell Trading Company 591

Exercises 593

PART Ⅳ Summary 597

16 PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER：SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND THE FUTURE OF DSS 597

16.1 Combining the Pieces 598

16.2 What Is Systems Integration？ 601

16.3 A Systems Integration Example 602

16.4 Types of Integrated Systems 603

16.4.1 Single System VisibilityVersus Multiple System Visibilities 604

16.4.2 One Hardware Platform Versus Multiple Hardware Platforms 605

16.4.3 One Location Versus Multiple Locations 606

16.5 Trends in Systems Integration 608

16.6 The Future of DSS 611

16.7 In Conclusion 613

Summary 613

Key Terms 614

Review Questions 614

Exercises 615

References 615

Fort Lowell Trading Company 616

Appendix：Cases 619

Case 1 Options Pricing with Black-Scholes 620

Case 2 Truck Brake Balancing 626

Case 3 Enterprisewide GIS：Bringing New Dimensions to Decision Making 629

Case 4 Fort Lowell Trading Company：Developing the Finance DSS 633

Case 5 A Whole New Ball Game（Sort of） 634

Case 6 MasterCard：Mining the Possibilities 636

Case 7 Close Call Corp.：Anatomy of a Failure 641

Case 8 Making Waves at Helene Curtis 646

Case 9 HFS：Mega-Warehouse as Marketing Tool 650

Index 655