MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction and Synopsis 2

1.2 Materials in Design 2

1.3 The Evolution of Engineering Materials 4

1.4 The Evolution of Materials in Products 8

1.5 Summary and Conclusions 12

1.6 Further Reading 12

CHAPTER 2 The Design Process 15

2.1 Introduction and Synopsis 16

2.2 The Design Process 16

2.3 Types of Design 20

2.4 Design Tools and Materials Data 21

2.5 Function， Material， Shape， and Process 23

2.6 Case Study： Devices to Open Corked Bottles 24

2.7 Summary and Conclusions 27

2.8 Further Reading 27

CHAPTER 3 Engineering Materials and Their Properties 31

3.1 Introduction and Synopsis 32

3.2 The Families of Engineering Materials 32

3.3 Materials Information for Design 35

3.4 Material Properties and Their Units 38

3.5 Summary and Conclusions 54

3.6 Further Reading 55

CHAPTER 4 Material Property Charts 57

4.1 Introduction and Synopsis 58

4.2 Exploring Material Properties 59

4.3 The Material Property Charts 64

4.4 Summary and Conclusions 93

4.5 Further Reading 95

CHAPTER 5 Materials Selection—The Basics 97

5.1 Introduction and Synopsis 98

5.2 The Selection Strategy 99

5.3 Material Indices 106

5.4 The Selection Procedure 115

5.5 Computer-aided Selection 120

5.6 The Structural Index 122

5.7 Summary and Conclusions 123

5.8 Further Reading 123

CHAPTER 6 Case Studies： Materials Selection 125

6.1 Introduction and Synopsis 126

6.2 Materials for Oars 127

6.3 Mirrors for Large Telescopes 130

6.4 Materials for Table Legs 134

6.5 Cost： Structural Materials for Buildings 138

6.6 Materials for Flywheels 142

6.7 Materials for Springs 146

6.8 Elastic Hinges and Couplings 151

6.9 Materials for Seals 154

6.10 Deflection-limited Design with Brittle Polymers 155

6.11 Safe Pressure Vessels 160

6.12 Stiff， High-damping Materials for Shaker Tables 165

6.13 Insulation for Short-term Isothermal Containers 169

6.14 Energy-efficient Kiln Walls 172

6.15 Materials for Passive Solar Heating 175

6.16 Materials to Minimize Thermal Distortion in Precision Devices 178

6.17 Materials for Heat Exchangers 181

6.18 Heat Sinks for Hot Microchips 186

6.19 Materials for Radomes 189

6.20 Summary and Conclusions 194

6.21 Further Reading 194

CHAPTER 7 Multiple Constraints and Conflicting Objectives 197

7.1 Introduction and Synopsis 198

7.2 Selection with Multiple Constraints 199

7.3 Conflicting Objectives 203

7.4 Summary and Conclusions 211

7.5 Further Reading 211

7.6 Appendix： Weight Factors and Fuzzy Methods 212

CHAPTER 8 Case Studies： Multiple Constraints and Conflicting Objectives 217

8.1 Introduction and Synopsis 218

8.2 Multiple Constraints： Light Pressure Vessels 218

8.3 Multiple Constraints： Con-rods for High-performance Engines 222

8.4 Multiple Constraints： Windings for High-field Magnets 226

8.5 Conflicting Objectives： Table Legs Again 232

8.6 Conflicting Objectives： Wafer-thin Casings for Must-have Electronics 233

8.7 Conflicting Objectives： Materials for a Disk-brake Caliper 237

8.8 Summary and Conclusions 241

CHAPTER 9 Selection of Material and Shape 243

9.1 Introduction and Synopsis 244

9.2 Shape Factors 246

9.3 Limits to Shape Efficiency 257

9.4 Exploring Material-shape Combinations 260

9.5 Material Indices That Include Shape 265

9.6 Graphical Coselecting Using Indices 269

9.7 Architectured Materials： Microscopic Shape 270

9.8 Summary and Conclusions 274

9.9 Further Reading 276

CHAPTER 10 Case Studies： Material and Shape 277

10.1 Introduction and Synopsis 278

10.2 Spars for Human-powered Planes 279

10.3 Forks for a Racing Bicycle 282

10.4 Floor Joists： Wood， Bamboo， or Steel？ 284

10.5 Table Legs Yet Again： Thin or Light？ 287

10.6 Increasing the Stiffness of Steel Sheet 289

10.7 Shapes that Flex： Leaf and Strand Structures 291

10.8 Ultra-efficient Springs 293

10.9 Summary and Conclusions 296

CHAPTER 11 Designing Hybrid Materials 299

11.1 Introduction and Synopsis 300

11.2 Holes in Material-property Space 303

11.3 The Method： “A + B + Configuration + Scale” 305

11.4 Composites 307

11.5 Sandwich Structures 316

11.6 Cellular Structures： Foams and Lattices 328

11.7 Segmented Structures 336

11.8 Summary and Conclusions 338

11.9 Further Reading 339

CHAPTER 12 Case Studies： Hybrids 341

12.1 Introduction and Synopsis 342

12.2 Designing Metal Matrix Composites 342

12.3 Flexible Conductors and Percolation 344

12.4 Extreme Combinations of Thermal and Electrical Conduction 347

12.5 Refrigerator Walls 349

12.6 Materials for Microwave-transparent Enclosures 352

12.7 Connectors That Don’t Relax Their Grip 354

12.8 Exploiting Anisotropy： Heat-spreading Surfaces 356

12.9 The Mechanical Efficiency of Natural Materials 358

12.10 Further Reading： Natural Materials 365

CHAPTER 13 Processes and Process Selection 367

13.1 Introduction and Synopsis 368

13.2 Classifying Processes 369

13.3 The Processes： Shaping， Joining， Finishing 372

13.4 Processing for Properties 388

13.5 Systematic Process Selection 392

13.6 Ranking： Process Cost 406

13.7 Computer-aided Process Selection 411

13.8 Summary and Conclusions 413

13.9 Further Reading 413

CHAPTER 14 Case Studies： Process Selection 415

14.1 Introduction and Synopsis 416

14.2 Casting an Aluminum Con-rod 416

14.3 Forming a Fan 419

14.4 Spark Plug Insulators 429

14.5 A Manifold Jacket 431

14.6 Joining a Steel Radiator 433

14.7 Surface-hardening a Ball-bearing Race 435

14.8 Summary and Conclusions 436

CHAPTER 15 Materials and the Environment 437

15.1 Introduction and Synopsis 438

15.2 The Material Life-cycle 438

15.3 Material and Energy-consuming Systems 440

15.4 The Eco-attributes of Materials 442

15.5 Eco-selection 447

15.6 Case Studies： Drink Containers and Crash Barriers 453

15.7 Summary and Conclusions 457

15.8 Further Reading 458

CHAPTER 16 Materials and Industrial Design 461

16.1 Introduction and Synopsis 462

16.2 The Requirements Pyramid 463

16.3 Product Character 464

16.4 Using Materials and Processes to Create Product Personality 467

16.5 Summary and Conclusions 476

16.6 Further Reading 476

CHAPTER 17 Forces for Change 479

17.1 Introduction and Synopsis 480

17.2 Market Pull and Science Push 480

17.3 Growing Population and Wealth and Market Saturation 487

17.4 Product Liability and Service Provision 487

17.5 Miniaturization and Multifunctionality 489

17.6 Concern for the Environment and for the Individual 490

17.7 Summary and Conclusions 492

17.8 Further Reading 492

APPENDIX A Data for Engineering Materials 495

Table A.1 Names and Applications： Metals and Alloys；Polymers and Foams； and Composites，Ceramics， Glasses， and Natural Materials 497

Table A.2 Melting Temperature， Tm， and Glass Temperature， Tg 500

Table A.3 Density， ρ 502

Table A.4 Young’s Modulus， E 504

Table A.5 Yield Strength， σy， and Tensile Strength， σts 506

Table A.6 Fracture Toughness （plane strain）， KIc 508

Table A.7 Thermal Conductivity， λ， and Thermal Expansion， α 510

Table A.8 Heat Capacity， Cp 512

Table A.9 Resistivity and Dielectric Constant 514

Table A.10 Embodied Energy and CO2 Footprint 516

Table A.11 Approximate Material Prices， Cm 518

Ways of Checking and Estimating DatA 520

Further Reading 523

APPENDIX B Useful Solutions for Standard Problems 525

Introduction and Synopsis 527

B.1 Constitutive Equations for Mechanical Response 528

B.2 Moments of Sections 530

B.3 Elastic Bending of Beams 532

B.4 Failure of Beams and Panels 534

B.5 Buckling of Columns， Plates， and Shells 536

B.6 Torsion of Shafts 538

B.7 Static and Spinning Disks 540

B.8 Contact Stresses 542

B.9 Estimates for Stress Concentrations 544

B.10 Sharp Cracks 546

B.11 Pressure Vessels 548

B.12 Vibrating Beams， Tubes， and Disks 550

B.13 Creep and Creep FracturE. 552

B.14 Flow of Heat and Matter 554

B.15 Solutions for Diffusion Equations 556

B.16 Further Reading 558

APPENDIX C Material Indices 559

C.1 Introduction and Synopsis 560

C.2 Uses of Material Indices 560

APPENDIX D Data Sources for Documentation 565

D.1 Introduction 566

D.2 Information Sources for Materials 566

D.3 Information for Manufacturing Processes 589

D.4 Databases and Expert Systems as SoftwarE 590

D.5 Additional Useful Internet Sites 592

APPENDIX E Exercises 595

E.1 Introduction to Exercises 595

E.2 Material Evolution in Products （Chapter 1） 596

E.3 Devising Concepts （Chapter 2） 597

E.4 Using Material Properties （Chapter 3） 597

E.5 Using Material Property Charts （Chapter 4） 599

E.6 Translation： Constraints and Objectives （Chapters 5 and 6） 602

E.7 Deriving and Using Material Indices （Chapters 5 and 6） 605

E.8 Multiple Constraints and Objectives （Chapters 7 and 8） 613

E.9 Selecting Material and Shape （Chapters 9 and 10） 622

E.10 Hybrid Materials （Chapters 11 and 12） 629

E.11 Selecting Processes （Chapters 13 and 14） 633

E.12 Materials and the Environment （Chapter 15） 638

INDEX 641