GLOBALIZATION AND PRIVATE LAW THE WAY FORWARDPDF电子书下载

Introduction and editorial preface 1

Michael Faure and André van der Walt 1

1 Problem definition and reasons for this book 1

1.1 Lawmaking in a globalized world 2

1.2 Convergence, divergence, accountability and legitimacy 3

1.3 Who sets the agenda? 4

2 History and origins of this book 4

3 Methodology 6

3.1 Legal multidisciplinarity 6

3.2 Comparative approach 7

3.3 Multidisciplinarity 7

4 Topics 7

5 Central focus 10

6 Structure of this book 10

7 Contributors 11

8 Acknowledgements 11

References 12

PART Ⅰ GLOBALIZATION, DEMOCRACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY 15

1 Democracy and (European) private law: a functional approach&Jan Smits 15

1 Introduction 15

2 Law without a state: a problem of democracy? 17

3 Deconstructing democracy 19

4 The legitimacy of the draft CFR 22

4.1 Accountability: legitimacy through jurisdictional competition 23

4.2 Participation: the experience with optional instruments 24

4.3 Private law: design or organism? 25

5 Conclusions 27

References 28

2 Public accountability of transnational rule making:a view from the European Union and beyond&Deirdre Curtin 32

1 Introduction 32

2 Shifts in transnational governance: actors, instruments and levels 33

2.1 Multi-level governance 33

2.2 Actors 34

2.3 Instruments 39

2.4 Levels 40

3 Approaches to legitimacy and democracy of transnational governance 41

3.1 Approaches to understanding legitimacy in the EU 41

3.2 Understanding and conceptualizing (EU) 'democracy' 44

4 Conceptualizing and applying public accountability 45

4.1 Accountability relationships 45

4.2 Accountability as a virtue 47

4.3 Accountability as a social relationship 49

5 Concluding remarks 50

References 52

PART Ⅱ HARMONIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION 57

3 Private law in a globalizing world: economic criteria for choosing the optimal regulatory level in a multi-level government system&Roger Van den Bergh 57

1 Introduction 57

2 Heterogeneity of preferences 59

3 Decentralized information and innovation 62

4 Interstate externalities 63

5 Scale economies, transaction cost savings and the elimination of trade barriers 65

5.1 The size of the cost savings 66

5.2 Does harmonization advance market integration? 68

6 Regulatory competition 69

6.1 The level playing field argument 70

6.2 Different types of regulatory competition 72

6.3 Race to the bottom or race to the top: theoretical work and empirical evidence 75

7 A public choice perspective 77

8 Lessons for globalization of private law 80

8.1 Interstate externalities 81

8.2 Regulatory competition 84

8.3 Cost savings 85

8.4 Benefits of decentralization 89

9 Conclusions 91

References 93

4 Globalization and harmonization of international trade law&Sieg Eiselen 97

1 Introduction 97

2 A brief history of trade law harmonization: the Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 (CISG) 100

3 Different methods of achieving harmonization 106

3.1 Introduction 106

3.2 Instruments employed to achieve harmonization 107

3.2.1 Formal instruments - conventions 107

3.2.2 Soft law instruments - model laws or model codes open for adoption by countries 111

3.2.3 Soft law instruments- voluntary codes open for adoption by individual commercial parties 113

3.3 Agents and their methods of harmonization 114

3.3.1 UNCITRAL 114

3.3.2 The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 119

3.3.3 Unidroit 123

3.3.4 World Customs Organization 125

4 Conclusion 127

References 129

Conventions 129

Legislation 129

Case Law 129

Bibliography 131

List of websites accessed 136

PART Ⅲ PUBLIC LAW 139

5 The relation between private law and administrative law in view of globalization&Frits Stroink 139

1 The true nature of administrative law 139

2 Contracts between the administration and the citizen 140

3 Administrative law and globalization 141

3.1 The principle of legality 142

3.2 Principles of proper administration 142

3.3 Supervision by a judge 143

4 Conclusion 143

References 144

6 Beyond parochialism? Transnational contextualization in constitutional interpretation in South Africa (with particular reference to jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court)&Lourens du Plessis 145

1 Introductory observations and explanations 145

2 Gateway(s) to the 'transnational context' 147

2.1 Section 39 and the Makwanyane Guidelines 147

2.1.1 The first guideline 148

2.1.2 The second guideline (and the 'framework dictum') 149

2.1.3 The third guideline 149

2.2 'Transnational contextualization' 150

3 International law 151

3.1 International law, globalization and South Africa's 'new constitution' 151

3.2 'Binding' and 'non-binding' international law 154

3.3 Looking critically at the framework dictum in Makwanyane 155

3.4 The framework dictum compromised? -AZAPO 156

3.5 Back to the framework: Grootboom 158

3.6 Some other judgments significant for engagement with international law in constitutional interpretation 160

3.7 An underused presumption 162

3.8 Travaux préparatoires in constitutional interpretation - an example of international law 'making' domestic constitutional law 164

3.9 Conclusions pertinent to the role of international law 165

4 Foreign law and constitutional comparativism 168

4.1 Constitutional comparativism: believers and disbelievers 168

4.2 The demonstrable value and advantages of constitutional comparativism 173

4.3 Conclusions pertinent to constitutional comparativism 175

5 General conclusions 178

References 179

Cases 179

Bibliography 180

7 Globalization, state commercial activity and the transformation of administrative law&Geo Quinot 183

1 Introduction 183

2 'State commercial activity' 186

3 Applicable norms 187

4 Enforcement of norms 193

5 Private and public in law and social practice 201

6 Conclusion 203

References 204

PART Ⅳ CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 211

8 Globalization: selected developments in corporate law&Bas Steins Bisschop 211

1 Introduction 211

2 The VOC: history and present 213

2.1 Foundation of the VOC 213

2.2 'Act of magic' 214

2.3 Shareholders' rights in relation to the corporate organization 215

2.4 Conclusion 216

3 The BRIC countries 217

3.1 Brazil 217

3.2 Russia 218

3.3 India 219

3.4 China 220

3.5 Conclusion 222

4 The corporation and its stakeholders 222

4.1 The main players in the corporate organization 223

4.2 Shareholder and stakeholder models 223

4.3 Convergence between these models? 224

4.4 The enlightened shareholder model 227

4.5 Corporate social responsibility 228

4.6 Corporate interest 229

4.7 Conclusion 229

5 Challenges to the global corporate system 230

5.1 The systematic threat posed by the credit crunch 230

5.2 The threat posed by hedge funds 232

5.3 The threat posed by bookkeeping scandals 232

5.4 Other possible threats 233

5.5 Reflex responses to the threats, and conclusion 234

6 The limitations of legal remedies in the resolution of crises 236

6.1 Ex Post and hindsight-biased judgments 236

6.2 Confusion 238

6.3 No surprise, really 240

6.4 Further observations 241

6.5 Conclusion 243

7 Supporting legal remedies in the resolution of crises 243

7.1 Some further comments on the efficiency of regulation 244

7.2 Transition 245

7.3 The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission 247

7.4 Amnesty 248

8 Bringing together regulation, supervision, confidence and the TRC 249

8.1 Intermediate conclusion 249

8.2 The association with the TRC 250

8.3 Recommendation 250

References 251

9 Globalization and corporate law&Philip Sutherland 255

1 Introduction 255

2 What is globalization? 255

3 Globalization, corporate law and multinational corporations 265

4 Corporate law theory 271

5 What form should corporate regulation take in the globalized world? 283

5.1 Regulation in national law 284

5.2 Convergence of national corporate laws 290

5.3 International rules 298

6 Alternative systems for constraining the activities of global corporations 299

6.1 A system of competing rules 300

6.2 The establishment of constraints outside traditional law 302

6.2.1 International institutions 304

6.2.2 Self-regulation by MNCs 317

6.2.3 Non-governmental organizations 321

6.2.4 Tightly knit multi-stakeholder networks 323

6.2.5 Conclusions regarding the restraining of the activities of MNCs outside traditional law 326

Conclusion 328

References 330

Legislation, Codes and Reports 330

Cases 333

Books 333

Journal articles 334

Websites 339

PART Ⅴ PROCEDURAL ISSUES 343

10 Civil procedure in a globalizing world&Remco van Rhee 343

1 Introduction 343

2 Law reform at the national level 345

3 Competition between national systems of civil procedure 348

4 Harmonization of procedural law on an international and a global scale 350

4.1 The Storme Report: harmonization on a European scale 350

4.2 The principles of transnational civil procedure and harmonization on a worldwide scale 357

5 Final remarks 361

References 362

PART Ⅵ HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 367

11 Fundamental rights in private law: anchors or goals in a globalizing legal order?&Siewert Lindenbergh 367

1 Human rights in private law 367

2 Four illustrations 369

2.1 The B?rgschaft case 369

2.2 The case of Wiebke Busch 370

2.3 The Traveller case: limitation of liability 371

2.4 The Pye case: deprivation of possession, or not? 372

3 Bridging the traditional dichotomy between private law and public law 373

4 The added value of a fundamental rights approach in private law 376

5 Constitutional and/or supranational courts as driving forces 377

6 Issues in relation to globalization 377

7 A different perspective: private law as a tool for protection of fundamental rights 379

8 Concluding remarks 380

References 381

12 Globalization and multi-level governance of environmental harm&Michael Faure 383

1 Introduction 383

1.1 Starting point 383

1.2 Challenges 384

1.3 General background 385

1.4 Structure 386

2 Influence of environmental issues on globalization: positive analysis 387

2.1 Increase of transboundary pollution 387

2.2 Increased mobility of products and services 388

2.3 Lowering environmental quality? 390

3 Influence of environmental issues on globalization: normative analysis 392

3.1 Multi-level governance 392

3.2 Shift of governance for local pollution? 394

3.2.1 Danger of a race to the bottom? 395

3.2.2 The trade-environment dispute 396

3.3 Mobility of products, firms and services 399

4 Influence of globalization on (private) environmental law: positive analysis 400

4.1 Institutional 400

4.2 Procedural 401

4.2.1 Integration of various legal spheres 401

4.2.2 Effect of international law on private law 402

4.2.3 Effect on public participation 403

4.2.4 Tendency toward consensual solutions? 404

4.3 Contents 405

5 Influence of globalization on (private) environmental law: normative analysis 406

5.1 Institutional 406

5.1.1 Lawmaking beyond the nation state 406

5.1.2 Victim and environmental protection doubtful 407

5.1.3 Green treaties or protectionism? 409

5.1.4 Limited public participation 410

5.1.5 Shift problematic 411

5.1.6 Possible remedies 411

5.2 Procedural 412

5.2.1 Distinction international-national becomes blurry 412

5.2.2 Successful bargaining? 413

5.3 Contents: differentiation of standards 414

6 Contribution of environmental law to the globalization debate 415

6.1 Environmental issues that shape the globalization debate 415

6.2 Influence of globalization of environmental private law 415

6.3 Many unresolved issues ... 416

6.4 ... Need multidisciplinary research! 417

References 417

13 The rule of law and judicial activism: obstacles for shaping the law to meet the demands of a civilized society, particularly in relation to climate change?&Jaap Spier 426

1 The nemesis of climate change 427

2 A call for legal activism in the field of climate change? 427

3 Judicial activism: a brief introduction 428

4 A closer look 430

5 A few examples 437

5.1 Dutch cases I 437

5.2 A slippery slope 439

5.3 Dutch cases Ⅱ 440

5.4 The human rights perspective 441

5.5 Compelling requirements of equity 441

5.6 French, Belgian and Italian cases 442

5.7 Hard cases on the edge of moral 443

5.8 Non-European cases 443

5.9 The struggle between judiciary and legislator 444

5.10 Historical wrongs 445

5.11 Climate change litigation 446

6 Legislator and judiciary 446

7 Interim conclusion 447

8 Back to climate change and other topics of truly significant importance 448

References 451

PART Ⅶ COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS 457

14 Comparative and concluding remarks&Michael Faure and André van der Walt 457

1 Lawmaking beyond the nation state 457

2 Reaction to globalization by private actors 460

3 Regulation and control 461

4 Private-public law 461

5 Convergence, divergence, harmonization 463

6 Reinstalling legitimacy and accountability 464

7 Procedural issues 465

8 Remaining issues and challenges 466

References 467

Index 469