ETHICS AND THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC SCIENCEPDF电子书下载

1 What Is Ethics? 1

Introduction 1

Ethical Theories 2

The Study of Ethics 3

Utilitarianism: The Greater Good 4

Deontological Ethics: Obligation and Intention 6

Comparing Approaches for Forensic Science 8

Ethical Decision Making 9

Framework for Ethical Decisions 12

Rule 1: Inherent Good Surpasses Noninherent Good 13

Rule 2: Noninherent Evil Surpasses Inherent Evil 14

Rule 3: When Selecting between Levels of Good or Evil,Select the Highest Good or the Lowest Evil 14

Result of Decisions 14

2 The Ethics of the Criminal Justice Culture 19

Introduction 19

Recruitment 20

Culture 21

Ethics of Criminal Justice 23

Ethics Training 25

Unethical Behavior 26

Sources of Pressure for the Forensic Scientist 31

3 Ethics in the Courtroom: The Scientist's Perspective 33

Introduction 33

Role of Attorneys 34

Attorney-Expert Relationship 36

Misconduct 38

Examples of Misconduct 40

Duke Lacrosse Case, 2006 41

Federal Prosecutors, 2007 42

4 Research Ethics in Science 45

Introduction 45

Science, Technology, and Society 46

Research and Publication 48

Ethics in Science and Research 51

Misconduct 52

5 Ethics in Forensic Science 57

Introduction 57

Crime Scene 58

Laboratory 59

Role of the Scientific Expert Witness 61

Qualification 64

Admissibility of Scientific Evidence 66

The Frye Case 67

The Daubert Case 68

Parameters 69

Misconduct 71

6 Unethical Behavior: The Fork in the Road 75

Introduction 75

Unethical Behavior 77

Motivation 82

Justification 85

Consequences 86

Whistle-Blowing 88

7 Good Examples of Bad Behavior 93

O. J. Simpson Case 93

Case Studies 94

False Credentials (Associated Press, 2007a) 94

Misleading Degree (Moran, 2006) 96

Pros 96

Cons 96

Abuse of Power (North, 2001) 97

Supporting a Habit (Huicochea, 2008) 98

"Errors" (Armstrong, 2007) 98

Prosecutor Pressure (Moxley, 2008) 99

Detroit (Clickondetroit.com, 2008) 100

Procedure (Johnson, 2008) 101

Fingerprints (Associated Press, 2008) 102

Personal Gain (Bone, 2007) 102

Research (Associated Press, 2006) 103

So What Happened? 103

What Was the Scientists' Defense? 104

On the Other Hand... 104

FBI Whistle-Blower 104

Notorious Examples Every Forensic Scientist Should Know 105

Fred Zain 105

Michael West 105

Kathleen Lundy 105

Allison Lancaster 105

David Petersen 106

Joyce Gilcrist 106

Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory 106

8 Codes of Ethics 107

Introduction 107

National Forensic Center 109

Developing Codes of Ethics 110

Purpose 111

Council of Scientific Society Presidents Study of Codes of Ethics 113

Familiarity with Codes of Ethics 113

The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) 114

Article Ⅱ. Code of Ethics and Conduct 114

The American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) 118

Rules of Professional Conduct 118

American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors 120

The International Association for Identification (IAI) 120

9 An Ethical Approach to Forensic Professionalism 123

Introduction 123

Education 123

Competence 126

Professions and Professionalism 127

Awareness 128

National Academy of Sciences Report 129

Appendix A: Initial Research Data on Ethics in Forensic Science 131

Appendix B: Additional U.S. Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics 141

Appendix C: U.S. Law Enforcement Professional Codes of Ethics 157

Appendix D: International Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics 171

Bibliography 165

Index 187