COMPUTERS IN YOUR FUTURE 4 FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introducing Computers to the Internet 2

Module1A Becoming Fluent with Computers and the Internet 4

The Need for Computer Fluency 6

What Is a Computer，Anyway? 7

Understanding the Computer：Basic Definitions 7

What Computers Can't Do（Yet） 8

The Information Processing Cycle in Action：Batch vs.Interactive Processing 10

So What? 11

Computer Systems 15

Introducing Hardware：The Computer's Physical Components 15

Input：Getting Data into the Computer 16

Processing：Transforming Data into Information 16

Output：Displaying the Information 17

Storage：Holding Programs and Data for Future Use 17

Communications Devices 18

Types of Computers 19

Introducing Software：Telling the Computer What to Do 21

Creating Software 21

Using Software 22

Types of Software 22

System Software 22

Operating System（OS） 22

System Utilities 22

Application Software 24

Packaged vs.Custom Software 24

Office Applications 24

The Internet 25

Module1B History of Computers and the Internet 30

Steps Toward Modern Computing 31

First Steps： Calculators 31

The Technological Edge：Electronics 31

Putting It All Together：The ENIAC 36

The Stored-Program Concept 36

The Computer's Family Tree 37

The First Generation（1950s） 37

The Second Generation（Early 1960s） 38

The Third Generation（Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s） 39

The Fourth Generation（1975 to the Present） 41

A Fifth Generation? 44

The Internet Revolution 45

Lessons Learned 48

Chapter 2 Exploring Computer Hardware：What's in the Box? 54

Module2A Inside the System Unit 56

Hardware vs.Software 57

Macs and PCs 57

Describing Hardware Performance 58

Bits and Bytes 58

Thousands′Millions′and More 59

Introducing the System Unit 59

What's on the Outside of the Box? 60

Power Switch 60

Connectors 60

Front Panel 64

Inside the System Unit 64

What's on the Motherboard? 65

System Clock 66

The Microprocessor 66

Benchmarks 74

Memoy 75

Chipset 77

Input/Output（I/O）Buses 77

How Computers Represent Data 77

Digital/Analog Representation 78

Numbering Systems 78

Representing Numbers 79

Representing Very Large and Very Small Numbers 80

Representing Characters 80

Module2B Storing Data：ElectronicFiling Cabinets 88

Memory vs.Storage 89

Why Is Storage Necessary? 89

Types of Storage Devices 90

Read/Write Media vs.Read-Only Media 91

Sequential vs.Random Access Storage 91

Storage Technologies：Magnetic and Optical 91

The Storage Hierarchy 92

Capacity of Storage Devices 93

Speed of Storage Devices（Access Time） 93

Floppy Disks and Floppy Disk Drives 94

What Does “Floppy” Mean? 94

Storage Capacities of Floppy Disks 94

Protecting Your Data 95

Floppy Disk Drives 95

How Floppy Drives Work 95

Formatting：Preparing Disks for Use 96

Beyond the Floppy：High-Capacity Disks and Drives 97

Hard Disks 98

Why Are Hard Disks Needed? 98

How Hard Disks Work 98

Factors Affecting Hard Disk Performance 99

Hard Disk Interfaces 99

Disk Caches：Improving a Hard Disks Performance 100

Hard Disk Longevity 101

RAID 101

Removable Hard Disks 101

Magnetic Tape：Still Useful 102

CD-ROM Discs and Drives 102

CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders 103

DVD-ROM Discs and Drives 103

More Optical Storage Technologies 104

Storage Horizons 105

FMD-ROM 107

Storage Area Networks（SAN） 107

Module2C Input and Output：Data In′Information Out 112

Understanding Input：Not Just Data Entry 113

Input Devices：The Computer's“Senses” 113

Introducing Keyboards 114

Using a Computer Keyboard 114

Alternative Keyboards 117

Entering International Characters 117

Health Risks of Keyboard Use 118

Speech Recognition 119

Pointing Devices 120

Types of Mice 123

Health Risks of Mouse Usage 123

More Ways to Control the Computer 124

More Ways to Get Data Into the Computer 125

Input Devices in Business′Industry and Science 128

Understanding Output： Making Data Meaningful 129

Output Devices： Engaging Our Senses 131

Visual Display Systems 131

Data Projectors 134

Printers 135

Plotters 137

Fax Output 137

Audio Output：Sound Cards and Speakers 137

Tactile Feedback 137

Chapter 3The World of Computer Software 144

Module3A System Software：Keeping the Computer Running Smoothly 146

Operating System（OS）：The Computer's Traffic Cop 147

Managing Programs 148

Managing Memory 149

Handling Input and Output 150

User Interface 150

Exploring Popular Operating Systems：A Guided Tour 152

UNIX 152

Xerox PARC and the First GUI 153

MS-DOS 153

Mac OS 153

Microsoft Windows 3.x 154

Microsoft Windows 95 and98 154

Microsoft Windows CE 155

Microsoft Windows NT 155

Microsoft Windows 2000 156

Linux 156

Starting the Computer 157

The BIOS Screen and Setup Program 157

The Power-On Self-Test （POST） 157

Loading the OS 158

Authentication 159

System Utilities：Tools for Housekeeping 159

File Management 159

File Finders 160

Backup Utilities 160

Antivirus Software 161

File Compression Utilities 161

Disk Scanning Utilities 161

File Defragmentation Programs 162

Module3B Application Software：Essentials for Knowledge Workers 167

Horizontal vs. Vertical Applications 168

Types of Application Soft ware 168

System Requirements 169

Commercial Programs′Shareware′and Freeware 169

Software Licenses 169

Distribution Methods 171

Documentation 171

Software Versions 171

Installation 171

Registration 171

Visual Metaphors：Working in Familiar Ways 173

Integrated Programs and Suites：The All-in-One Approach 174

Using Application Software 175

Installing Applications 176

Launching Applications 176

Understanding the Application's Window 176

Getting Help 178

Understanding Menus 178

Choosing Preferences 178

Using Popup Menus 179

Using Wizards 179

Creating New Documents 179

Open an Existing Document 179

Saving Your Work 180

Exiting the Application 180

Shutting Down Your System 180

Web Integration：A New Way to Get the Word Out 181

Chapter 4Concepts of Application Software 186

Module4A Writing with Word Processing Soft ware 188

Word Processing Software：The Electronic Scribe 189

Composing Your Document 189

Editing Your Document 193

Formatting 197

Printing 202

The Internet Connection 202

Desktop Publishing 202

Module4B Creating Electronic Spreadsheets 208

Introducing Spreadsheet Software 209

Exploring the Worksheet 209

Using a Spreadsheet Program 210

Selecting Cells 211

Entering Data in the Worksheet 212

Editing Data 213

Formatting Data 214

Entering Formulas 214

Editing the Worksheet Structure 222

Printing Your Worksheet 222

Designing an Effective Worksheet 222

Creating Worksheet Charts 224

Advanced Spreadsheet Features 225

Spreadsheet Risks 227

Module4C Designing Presentations 231

Introducing Presentation Graphics Software 232

Presentation Graphics vs.Analytical Graphics 232

Exploring the Application Window 233

Creating a Presentation 235

Choosing a Template 235

Choosing the Slide Layout 236

Using Placeholders 236

Inserting Charts′Clip Art′and Drawings 237

Viewing and Organizing Your Presentation 238

Producing the Output Media 238

Additional Features for On-Screen Presentations 239

The Internet Connection 239

Using Visual Aids Effectively 241

Module4D Building Databases 246

Database Concepts： The Essentials 247

Records and Fields 247

The Ideal Database System 248

Types of Database Programs 249

File Management Programs 249

Database Management Systems 249

Data Warehousing and Data Mining 250

Introducing Database Software 250

Database Objects 251

Designing a Database 252

Understanding Data Types 253

Creating a Table with the Table Wizard 253

Creating a Form with the Form Wizard 254

Creating a Query with the Query Wizard 255

Creating Reports with the Report Wizard 257

Client/Server Database Systems 258

The Internet Connection：Going Public with Data 260

Chapter 5Multimedia and Virtual Reality 266

Module5A Multimedia：Lights!Cameras!Action! 268

Introducing Multimedia 269

Multimedia Hardware 269

Multimedia Applications 270

Multimedia Resources：Introducing the Cast 270

Compression and Decompression（Codecs） 270

Paint Programs 272

Image Editors 272

Drawing Programs 273

Animation Programs 273

3-D Rendering Programs 275

Video Editors 275

Audio Software 275

Multimedia Authoring Systems：Writing the Script 276

Module5B Virtual Environments 281

Virtual Reality：Toward the Holodeck? 282

Enhancing the Immersive Experience：VR Hardware 282

Bringing VR to the Internet：VRML 283

Practical Applications of VR 283

Computer Games 283

The VR Factor 283

Too Much Violence? 284

MUDs 285

Chapter 6Data Communications 290

Module6A Telecommunications：Exchanging Data via the Telephone System 292

Understanding the Telephone System 293

Quality of Service 293

Local Exchange Carriers （LECs） 293

Long-Distance Transmission Media 294

Standards and Regulations 295

More Ways to Access the System 296

The PSTN in Perspective 296

Modems：From Digital to Analog and Back 297

How Modems Work 297

Asynchronous Communication 298

Modulation Protocols 298

Fax 299

Digital Telephony：Living with Twisted Pair 299

Bandwidth 300

Last Mile Technologies 300

Alternatives to Digital Telephony 302

Direct Broadcast Satellite（DBS） 302

Cable Modems 302

Electrical Power Systems 302

Convergence： Is It a Phone or a Computer? 304

The Everything PC 304

TV Internet Set-Tops 304

Personal Communication Service（PCS） 304

Internet Telephony 305

Internet Faxing 307

Module6B Networks：Superhighways for Digital Information 312

Introducing Computer Networks：Synergy at Work 313

What Is a Computer Network? 313

Types of Computer Networks：LANs and WANs 314

Networking Synergies in a Nutshell 314

Network Fundamentals 315

Physical Media 315

Switching and Routing Techniques 315

Protocols 317

Network Layers 318

Local Area Networks（LANs）：Limited Reach,Fast Connections 319

Networking Hardware：Network Interface Cards（NICs） 319

Networking Software 320

Media 320

LAN Topologies 321

LAN Technologies 322

LAN Protocols 323

Wide Area Networks（WANs）：Long-Haul Carriers 323

How WANs Work 325

How WANs Are Organized 326

WAN Protocols 326

WAN Applications 326

Chapter 7The Internet and the Web：Welcome to Cyberspace 334

Module7A Understanding the Internet 336

Introducing the Internet：The Network of Networks 337

A Galactic Network 338

Interoperability 338

Leave the Lower Layers to the LANs and WANs 339

The Internet vs.Online Services 339

The Internet's History 340

Internet Software： Clients and Servers 341

Exploring Internet Services 342

Electronic Mail（Email）：Staying in Touch 342

The World Wide Web（WWW）：Accessing Information 343

FTP：Transferring Files 343

Usenet：Joining Online Discussions 344

IRC：Text Chatting in Real Time 347

Internet Telephony：Real-Time Voice and Video 347

More Internet Services 348

How the Internet Works：A Geography of Cyberspace 349

Configuring Your Computer for Internet Access 349

Accessing the Internet 349

Internet Service Providers（ISPs） 350

Backbones 350

The Internet Protocols（TCP/IP） 350

The Domain Name System 351

Intranets：Using TCP/IP Inside the Enterprise 352

The Future of the Internet 352

More Internet Addresses 352

More Bandwidth 352

Module7B The World Wide Web and E-Commerce 357

Welcome to the Web 358

The Hypertext Concept 358

Web Browsers and Web Servers 359

Web Addresses（URLs） 359

Web Protocols 360

Web Page Design Tools 360

Browsing the Web 361

Exploring Your Browser′s Window 361

Default Start Page 361

Accessing Web Pages 362

Using the Back and Forward Buttons 362

Using Navigation Aids 362

History List 362

Favorites and Bookmarks 362

Finding Information on the Web 363

Understanding Information Discovery Tools 363

Subject Guides 363

Search Engines 363

Search Techniques 364

Inclusion and Exclusion 364

Wildcards 365

Phrase and Boolean Searches 365

Evaluating the Information You've Found 366

Rules for Critically Evaluating Web Pages 366

Locating Material in Published Works 367

Authoritative Sources Online 367

Electronic Commerce 367

Business-to-Business E-Commerce 367

Online Shopping 367

Secure Electronic Transactions（SET） 370

Online Banking 372

Online Stock Trading 372

E-Postage 374

Module 7C Using Email 378

Email Fundamentals 379

Email Servers and Clients 379

Email Addresses 379

Email Protocols 380

Introducing Email Clients 380

Getting an Account 380

Setting Up Your Email Client 381

Exploring Your Email Clien＇s Window 382

Composing′ Receiving′ and Forwarding Email 382

Logging On to the Mail Server 382

Receiving Email 382

Replying Directly to the Author 383

Replying to All 383

Composing Email 383

Email Tips 384

Forwarding Email 385

Receiving Attachments：Beware! 385

Sending Attachments：Be Courteous 385

Managing Email 386

Organizing Your Mail 386

Filtering Incoming Mail 386

Mailing Lists 387

Subscribing to a Mailing List 387

Participating in a Mailing List 388

Unsubscribing 388

Using Email Responsibly 388

Using Email at Work 388

Backup Tapes 388

Additional Risks 389

How to Stay out of Trouble 389

Module7D Creating a Web Page 394

The Web Publishing Process 395

Defining Your Purpose 395

Defining Your Audience：Who's Reading Your Page? 397

Introducing HTML 397

Content vs.Structure 397

Structure vs.Presentation 398

HTML Markup vs.Word Processing Formats 398

Introducing HTML Elements 399

Tools for Creating HTML 400

Making Design Decisions 400

Creating Your Page 401

Choosing Your HTML Editor 401

Entering the Global Structure 401

Defining the Head 402

Creating the Body 403

Adding Hyperlinks 408

Adding Images 410

Testing Your Page 411

Publishing Your Page 411

Web Publishing Horizons 411

Learning More HTML 411

XML：The Web's Next Language 412

Introducing XML 412

How XML Works 413

Introducing XHTML 414

Chapter 8Creating Information Systems 420

Module8A Introducing Information Systems 422

Computerized Information Systems（CIS）：Serving an Organization's Needs 423

Understanding Complex Organizations：The Power Pyramid 424

Functional Divisions of an Organization 424

Chain of Command 425

Information：The Good Kind and the Other Kind 427

Characteristics of Valuable Information 427

Techniques of Information Reduction 427

Information Systems in Organizations：A Survey 429

Transaction Processing System（TPS） 429

Management Information System（MIS） 429

Decision Support System（DSS） 430

Executive Information System（EIS） 430

Expert System 430

Knowledge Management System 430

Computer-Supported Cooperative Work（CSCW） 431

Workflow Automation 431

Business Process Reengineering（BPR） 431

Data Warehousing and Data Mining 433

Computers in the Retail Sector 433

At the Checkout Stand 433

Retail the Wal-Mart Way 434

Module8B3 Systems Analysis and Design 439

System Analysts：Communication Counts 440

The Systems Development Life Cycle（SDLC）：A Problem-Solving Approach 440

The Five Phases of SDLC 441

Avoiding Mistakes 441

The Watertall Model 443

Phase1：Identifying the Problem and Opportunities 443

Recognizing the Need for the System 443

Defining the Problem 443

Identifying Opportunities 444

Developing a Plan 444

Determining Feasibility 444

Preparing the Project Proposal 446

Phase2：Analyzing and Documenting the Existing Information System 446

Analyzing the Existing System 446

Determining the New System's Requirements 446

Phase3：Designing the System 446

Phase4：Implementing the System 448

Deciding to Build or Buy 448

Developing the Software 448

Testing 449

Training 449

Converting Systems 449

Phase5：Supporting the System 449

Module8C Programming Languages and Program Development 453

First-Generation Languages：1s and Os 454

Second-Generation Languages：A Little Easier 454

Third-Generation Languages：Programming Comes of Age 455

Compilers and Interpreters 455

Spaghetti Code and the Great Software Crisis 456

Structured Programming Languages 456

Modular Programming Languages 456

Fourth-Generation Languages：Getting Away from Procedure 456

Object Oriented Programming：A Revolution in the Making? 457

Eliminating the Program vs.Data Distinction 457

What Is an Object? 458

Classes 458

Inheritance 458

Rapid Application Development（RAD） 458

Middleware（Objects Across the Enterprise） 458

A Guide to Programming Languages：One Size Doesn't Fit All 459

COBOL and Fortran：For Some People，Retro Rules! 459

Structured and Modular Languages 460

Object-Oriented（OO）Languages 462

Introducing the Program Development Life Cycle 464

Phase1：Defining the Problem 465

Phase2：Designing the Program 465

Phase3：Coding the Program 468

Phase4：Testing and Debugging the Program 468

Phase5：Formalizing the Solution 468

Phase6：Implementing and Maintaining the Program 468

Chapter 9Social and Ethical Issues of Computing 476

Module9A Privacy and Encryption 478

Privacy and Anonymity in Cyberspace 479

The Problem：Collection of Information Without Consent 480

The Internet Factor 480

Protecting Privacy： Basic Principles 481

Anonymity 481

How Is Technology Eroding Privacy and Anonymity? 482

Cookies 482

Global Unique Identifiers （GUIDs） 483

Is Self-Regulation Sufficient? 484

Privacy at Work 484

Protecting Your Privacy Online 485

The Encryption Debate 486

Encryption Basics 486

The Problem of Key Interception 486

Public-Key Encryption 487

Security Issues of Strong Encryption 487

Export Restrictions 488

The Global Dimension 489

Module9B Computer Crime and Security 494

Scope of the Problem 495

Computer and Internet Crime：Tools and Techniques 495

Tricks for Obtaining Passwords 496

Salami Shaving and Data Diddling 496

Forgery 497

Security Loophole Detection Programs 497

Computer Viruses 497

More Rogue Programs 498

Meet the Attackers 499

Crackers,Cyber Gangs,and Virus Authors 499

Disgruntled Employees 500

Spies 500

Swindlers 501

Shills 501

Cyberstalkers and Sexual Predators 502

Enemies and Terrorists 502

What's at Stake? 503

Consumption of Staff Time 503

Downtime 503

Fraud and Theft 503

Adverse Publicity 505

Vandalism 505

Character Assassination 505

Loss of Privacy 505

Risks to Public Safety 506

Denial of Service 506

Playing It Safe 506

Protecting Computers from Power-Related Problems 506

Controlling Access 507

Using Firewalls 507

Using Encryption 508

Using Antivirus Programs 508

Backing Up Data 508

Avoiding Scams 509

Preventing Cyberstalkers 510

Module9C Ethics：Doing the Right Thing 514

Avoiding Computer-Related Legal Problems 515

Plagiarism 515

Software Piracy 516

Copyright Infringement 517

Introducing Ethics 518

Moral Dilemmas 518

Ethical Principles 518

Thinking Through Moral Dilemmas 519

Computer Ethics for Computer Users 520

Ten Commandments for Computer Ethics 520

Netiquette 520

Computer Ethics for Computer Professionals 521

Safety First 521

Additional Ethical Responsibilities 522

The ACM Code of Conduct 522

Programmer Liability 522

Computer Ethics in Business 524

Whistle-Blowing 524

Chapter 10Computers and You 530

Module10A Buying and Upgrading Your Computer System 532

Get Started the Right Way 533

Notebook or Desktop? 533

Mac or PC? 534

Top-of-the-Line or Bargain Bin Special? 535

Anticipate Your Software Needs 535

Choose the Right Hardware 535

Processors 536

Memory 536

Hard Disks 536

Video Cards and Monitors 537

Modems 538

Network Cards 538

Sound 538

Keyboard and Mouse 538

Uninterruptible Power Supply（UPS） 540

Get the Right Printer 540

Shop Wisely 540

Buying Used 542

Name-Brand Windows PCs 542

Generic Windows PCs 542

Building Your Own Windows PC 542

Caring for Your Computer System 542

Upgrading Your System 543

Removing the Cover 543

Adding Expansion Boards 544

Upgrading Memory 544

Replacing the Cover 546

Module10B Avoiding Risks to Your Health 550

Eyesight Problems 551

Computer Vision Syndrome（CVS） 551

Preventing CVS 551

Accessories for Eye Protection 552

Cumulative Trauma Disorders 552

Computer-Related CTDs 554

Symptoms 554

How Serious Are CTDs? 554

Preventing Cumulative Trauma Disorder 555

Accessories for CTD Prevention 555

Improving Computer Access for People with Disabilities 556

Module10C Careers and Certification 561

Traditional Information Technology（IT）Career Paths 562

Training for Traditional IT Careers 563

Traditional Methods of Continuing Education 565

Jobs for Nondegreed IT Workers 566

New Information Technology （IT） Career Paths 566

Sought-After Business Skills 567

Sought-After Technology Skills 568

New Technologies,New Jobs 569

Certification 569

The Effect of Computers on Overall Emp+loyment 571

Module10D Emerging Technologies 576

Tomorrow's Hardware：Faster,Cheaper,Connected 577

The Short Term 578

The Long Term 578

The Limits of Trend Extrapolation 578

Artificial Intelligence：Toward the Smart Machine? 579

Defining Intelligence 579

The Turing Test 580

Brute Force 581

AI Achievements 581

Strong AI 585

Selected Solutions 593

Acronym Finder 597

GlossaryG 599

Illustration Credits 629

Index 633