Introduction to transportation systemsPDF电子书下载

PART Ⅰ：Context，Concepts，and Characterization 1

1 Introduction：Context，Concepts，and Characterization 3

Introduction 3

Focus on Basic Principles 3

Transportation：A Broad Field 4

Transportation and the Social-Political-Economic Context 4

Understanding the Dimensions of Transportation 5

Technology 5

Systems 5

Institutions 5

Complex，Large，Integrated，Open Systems（CLIOS） 6

Transportation System Concepts and Characterization 7

Reference 9

2 Transportation System Components：An Internal Perspective 11

Physical Components of Transportation Systems 11

Infrastructure 11

Vehicles 12

Equipment 12

Power Systems 13

Fuel 13

Control，Communications，and Location Systems 14

Summary of Basic Physical Components 15

Operators 16

Labor 16

Organized Labor 16

Management Function 17

Marketing 17

Competition Between Transportation and Communication 18

Strategic Planning 19

Operations 19

Operations/Marketing Tension 19

Maintenance Management 20

Information Management 20

Operations Research 20

Administration 21

Operating Plans 21

Schedule 21

Crew Assignments 22

Flow Distribution 22

Connection Patterns：Hub-and-Spoke 23

Cost/Level-of-Service Trade-Off 24

Contingency Planning 25

3 Transportation System Components：An External Perspective 27

External Components of the Transportation System 27

Government 28

Competition 28

Financial Community 29

Supply Industry 29

Stakeholders 30

General Public 30

The Customer 31

Reference 31

4 The Customer and Level-Of-Service 33

The Customer 33

Freight Transportation Customers 33

Traveler Transportation Customers 36

Choice and Level-of-Service for Freight and Travelers 37

Level-of-Service as Dynamic 38

Reducing Multidimensional Level-of-Service to a Unidimensional Variable 41

Level-of-Service Variables 41

Utility 43

Mode Choice 45

Travel Time Reliabity 46

References 48

5 Networks 49

Networks 49

Links 49

Intermodal Networks 51

Nodes 51

Mathematical Operations on Networks 53

Predicting Link Flows 53

Incremental Assignment 55

The Inverse Problem 56

Logical Links 56

Reference 57

6 Transportation Systems：Key Points 1-10 59

The Elevator Example 59

Elevator System Configuration 59

The Elevator Cycle 60

7 Transportation Systems：Key Points 11-17 69

Key Points Continued 69

Lumpy Elevator Investment 79

Reference 81

8 Transportation Systems：Key Points 18-24 83

Key Points Continued 83

The Mechanics of Supply/Demand Equilibrium 91

Changing Supply 91

Changing Demand 93

Increased Volume：Better or Worse？ 95

Peaking 96

Price as an Incentive 96

Congestion Pricing 97

Pricing of Transportation Services 98

Flow Imbalance 99

9 Transportation Systems：Key Points 25-30 101

Key Points Continued 101

Shifts In Activity Base Related to Transportation 106

Measuring Transportation System Performance 107

What Do Your Customers Perceive？ 107

Performance Measures and Cost 107

System Versus Component Performance 108

Performance Measures and Behavior 108

Network Performance 109

Summary of Key Points 111

Reference 113

10 Models and Frameworks 115

Models and Frameworks：An Introduction 115

A Structure for Transportation Systems Analysis 116

The Subtlety in Choosing Measures-of-Effectiveness 117

Abstraction of Real World into Models or Frameworks 118

Models 118

Is the Abstraction Any Good？ 119

Why Are We Modeling？ 120

Insight 120

Choosing the Best Alternative Optimization 121

System Operation 122

Learn From Model Building Processes 122

Modeling for Negotiation 123

The Model is a Shaper of Your World View 125

Modeling Approaches 126

Getting Answers from Models 127

Models Versus Frameworks 128

Frameworks 128

Porter’s Framework——Strategic Comparative Advantage 129

Simplicity Versus Complexity 131

References 133

11 Modeling Concepts 135

Introduction to Models 135

Hierarchies of Models 136

Modeling Issues 136

Boundaries 136

Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Models 137

Static Versus Dynamic Models 138

Stochastic Versus Deterministic Models 138

Linear Versus Nonlinear 138

Continuous Versus Discrete Models 138

Numerical Simulation Versus Closed Form Solution 140

Behavioral Versus Aggregate Models 140

Physical Versus Mathematical Models 140

Solution Techniques 141

Understanding the System 141

Why We Model 142

Issues in Model Building 143

Time and Resources 143

Data 143

Designing a Successful Model 144

Ease of Use 144

Convincing Models 144

Growth Path 144

Produce Benefits 144

Measuring Model Success 144

New Developments in Models and Frameworks 145

Solution of Very Large Transportation Problems 145

The IT Environment 146

Real-Time Solutions 146

Transportation on the Agenda 146

PART Ⅱ：Freight Transportation 147

12 The Logistics System and Freight Level-Of-Service 149

Freight 149

The Logistics Model：An Umbrella Store 149

Ordering 149

Transportation Costs 150

Storage 150

Deterministic Use Rate and Delivery Time 151

Longer Delivery Time 152

A New，Faster Mode 153

Unreliability in Delivery Time 154

Stock-Outs 157

Service Reliability as a Level-Of-Service Variable 158

Component Reliability Versus Service Reliability 158

Probabilistic Use Rates 158

Inventory Minimization 160

Just-In-Time Systems 161

Structured Inventory Model 162

Trigger Point Systems 162

Total Logistics Costs（TLC） 162

TLC and LOS of Transportation Service 164

Market Segmentation 165

Allocating Scarce Capacity 166

Yield Management 166

Costs 167

Other LOS Variables 167

Loss and Damage 167

Rate Structure 168

Service Frequency 168

Service Availability 168

Equipment Availability and Suitability 168

Shipment Size 169

Information 169

Flexibility 169

13 Railroads：Introductory Concepts 171

Modes 171

Railroads 171

Rail Technology：A Basic View 172

Low-Cost Transportation 172

Railroads as a Monopoly 173

Regulation and Deregulation 173

Railroad Management 174

High Fixed Costs 174

U.S.R ailroads Own Their Infrastructure 175

Freight Transportation Statistics 177

Modal Shares 177

Modal Share：Tons 177

Modal Share：Ton-Miles 178

Modal Share：Revenues 178

Different Modes——Different Roles 179

Railroads Continued 179

Commodities 179

Freight Car Types 179

Double-Stack 180

Gondola cars 181

Tank Cars 181

Hazardous Materials 181

Refrigerator Cars 182

Auto-Rack Cars 182

Specialization in Freight Car Types 182

Railroad Growth and Rationalization 183

Major Shrinkage of Rail Network 184

Substantial Growth/Substantial Rationalization 184

Mergers 185

Branch Line Abandonment 185

Guarding Against Monopoly Power 185

Cross-Subsidies 186

References 186

14 Railroad Operations 187

Railroad Operations 187

Blocking 188

Consolidation 189

Missed Connections 189

Operating Costs 190

Operations Versus Marketing Perspectives 191

Train Dispatching 191

The Choice in Dispatching 192

Holding for Traffic 193

Delay Propagation on Networks 193

Network Stability 194

Operating Plan Integrity 195

Scheduled Versus Flexible Operation 195

Daily Modified Operating Plan 196

How to Define Scheduled Versus Flexible Railroads？ 197

Reference 197

15 Railroad Terminals：P-MAKE Analysis To Predict Network Performance 199

Terminals 199

Terminal Robustness 200

Centralized Versus Decentralized Decision-Making 201

LOS and Routing Over the Rail Network 201

Terminal Operations 202

A Hump Yard 202

Queuing 203

Micro-Simulation 203

A Macro Perspective 203

Think About the Customer 203

P-MAKE Analysis 204

Average Yard Time 205

P-MAKE Analysis 207

Origin-Destination Trip Times 208

Train Frequency 211

Bypassing Yards 211

16 Car Costs and Level-of-Service 215

A More Subtle View of Costs 215

Car Costs 216

Freight Car Cycle 216

Fleet Size Calculation 217

Car Cost/Day Calculation 217

Cost Versus LOS 219

Another View of Car Costs 221

Contribution 221

How Performance Measures Affect Decisions 222

Variability in the Car Cycle 222

Unreliability in Loaded and Empty Moves 223

Car Inventory 223

17 The Kwon Model——Power，Freight Car Fleet Size，and Service Priorities：A Simulation Application 225

Power，Freight Car Fleet Size，and Service Priorities 225

Power Selection 226

Car Fleet Sizing 227

Train Makeup Rules 227

Makeup Rule 1 227

Makeup Rule 2 228

Makeup Rule 3 228

Comparing the Rules 229

Service for Traffic of Different Priority 230

Do You Want to Improve Service？ 231

Allocating Capacity 231

A Nonequilibrium Analysis 232

Investment Strategies：Closed System Assumption 233

Allocating Costs to Priority Classes 234

Simulation Modeling 234

Simulation versus Probabilistic Analysis 236

References 237

18 Measuring Origin-Destination Service and Other Rail Issues 239

Measuring Origin-Destination Service 239

Schedule Adherence 240

Very Bad Trips 240

“X”-Day Percent 240

Other Rail Issues 241

Empty Freight Car Distribution 241

Factors in Movements of Empty Cars 242

Car Ownership 242

Per Diem 243

Clearing House 244

Interline Moves 244

Mergers 245

Parallel and End-to-End Mergers 245

Power Distribution 246

Maintenance 246

Types of Service 247

General Merchandise Service 247

Intermodal Service 247

Bulk Commodities 248

Safety 248

Final Comments on Rail 249

Reference 249

19 Trucking 251

Trucking 251

Publicly-Owned Infrastructure 251

Trucking Cost Structure 252

Truckload Operation（TL） 252

Load-Screening 253

TL Markets 254

Intermodal Partnerships 255

Less-Than-Truckload Operation（LTL） 256

LTL Networks 257

LTL Carriers 258

Regional Versus National LTL 258

New Trucking Technologies 259

Automatic Vehicle Location 259

In-Transit Visibility 259

Weigh-in-Motion 259

Paperless Transaction 260

Private Carriage 260

20 Ocean Shipping，International Freight，and Freight Summary 261

Ocean Shipping 261

Ocean Shipping Services：Wet Bulk And Dry Bulk 261

Environmental Issues and Risk Assessment 262

The Liner Trade 263

Containerization 264

Conferences 264

Liner Decisions 265

Economies of Scale 265

Operating Speed and Cost 265

Service Frequency 266

Empty Repositioning of Containers 266

Intermodalism and International Freight Flows 266

International Trade Patterns 267

Port Operations 269

Port Capacity 269

Dredging 270

Intermodal Productivity 270

The Total Transportation Company 270

Information Technology 270

Toward a National Intermodal System 272

Air Freight 272

Cost/LOS Trade-Offs for Various Modes 273

Freight Summary 273

Key Factors 274

Vehicle-Cycle 274

Vehicles And Infrastructure 274

The Market 274

Operating Plans and Strategic Plans 275

The 30 Key Points 275

Reference 275

PART Ⅲ：Traveler Transportation 277

21 Traveler Transportation：Introduction 279

Traveler Transportation 279

Differences Between Traveler and Freight Transportation 279

The Transportation Process 279

Safety and Security 280

Level-Of-Service Variables 280

Groups 281

Motivation for Travel 281

Travel as Discretionary 282

Success in the Marketplace 282

Substitutability of Communications and Transportation 283

Traveler Transportation Statistics 285

Mode Choice：The Dominance of Cars in the United States 285

Land Use and Highways 286

Suburbanization 286

A Brief History of Metropolitan Areas 287

Commuter Lines and Garden Cities 288

Mega-Cities 290

Ring-Roads 290

Edge City 291

Land Use and Public Transportation 291

Multidisciplinary Approach 292

The New Transportation Professional 293

References 293

22 Commuting，Nonwork Travel and Safety，and Some Transportation History 295

Commuting 295

Suburb-to-Suburb Commutes 295

Public Transportation 296

Nonwork Travel 296

Intercity Travel 298

International Travel 300

Safety by Mode 300

Some Transportation History 302

What Enabled Transportation to Advance？ 303

Technological Developments 303

Automobile Dominance 304

The Gas Tax 304

Construction Jobs 305

The Transportation Industry 305

Environmental Concerns 305

23 Traveler Level-of-Service 307

Traveler Level-of-Service 307

Why People Like Cars 307

Traveler LOS Variables 309

Average Trip Time，Reliability of Trip Time 309

Value-of-Time 309

Aggregating Small Time Savings Over Many People 310

Other LOS Variables：Cost 310

Service Frequency 310

Waiting Time 311

Comfort 311

Safety and Security 311

Intangibles 312

Mode Choice 312

Trip Purpose 312

Modal Options 312

Heirarchical Decision-Making 314

Long-Range Choices 314

Medium-Range Choices 314

Short-Range Choices 314

References 315

24 Intelligent Transportation Systems（ITS） 317

Introduction 317

History 317

The ITS-4 Technologies 319

ISTEA 320

The Strategic Plan 320

Technology，Systems and Institutions 321

Functional Areas In ITS 321

Advanced Transportation Management Systems（ATMS） 321

Incident Management 322

Electronic Toll and Traffic Management（ETTM） 322

Congestion Pricing——Revisited 323

The Philosophy of Highway Network Control 324

Advanced Traveler Information Systems（ATIS） 324

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems（AVCS） 324

Commercial Vehicle Operations（CVO） 325

Advanced Public Transportation Systems（APTS） 325

Advanced Rural Transportation Systems（ARTS） 326

A Broad Systemic Approach 327

Institutional Issues 327

Public-Private Partnerships 327

Organizational Change 328

Transportation and Change 329

Changes Resulting From the Interstate 329

Changes Resulting From ITS 330

The Post-Strategic Plan Period 331

Regional Deployment：A Strategic Vision 332

References 333

25 The Urban Transportation Planning Process and Real-Time Network Control 335

Networks 335

The Urban Transportation Planning Process 335

Choosing the Number and Size of zones 336

Trip Generation 337

Trip Distribution 337

Mode Split 337

Assignment 337

User-Equilibrium 338

System-Equilibrium 339

Network Planning 340

Networks and ITS 341

Real-Time Network Management 341

Why the Tactical Problem is Hard 342

Ashok Formulation 343

Some Research Ideas 345

Value of Perfect Predictions 345

The Link Between Prediction and Control Methods 345

Formal Problem Statement 345

Research Direction 1 346

Research Direction 2 347

Research Direction 3 347

26 Traffic Signals and Other Control Measures 349

Traffic 349

Traffic Light Synchronization 349

Optimizing Traffic Light Settings 350

Traffic Light Synchronization：Levels Of Sophistication 351

The Minus-One Alternative：Mystic Valley Parkway 351

Static Synchronization 351

Time-of-Day Settings 351

Predefined Plans 352

Dynamic Systems 352

Gating and Draining 353

Other Traffic Control Ideas 353

Ramp Metering 354

Dedicated Bus Lanes 354

Reversible Lanes 355

High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes 355

High-Occupancy Toll Lanes 355

Traffic Calming 356

27 Deterministic Queuing 357

Deterministic Queuing Applied to Traffic Lights 357

Deterministic Queuing 357

Queuing Diagram 358

Computing Total Delay 360

Choosing Capacity 360

A Word on Probabilistic Queuing 361

A Traffic Light as a Deterministic Queue 362

Queuing Diagram for a Traffic Light 363

Queue Stability 363

Delay At A Traffic Signal：Considering One Direction 364

Two Direction Analysis of Traffic Light 365

Delay At A Traffic Signal：Considering Two Directions 366

Choosing an optimum 366

Optimal R1 367

Some Special Cases 368

28 Urban Public Transportation 373

Urban Public Transportation 373

LOS Variables For Urban Travelers 373

How Public Transportation Measures Up 373

Accessibility to Service 374

Types of Urban Public Transportation Service 375

Conventional Bus 375

Para-Transit 375

Demand-Responsive Service 376

Rail Systems 376

Subways 376

Commuter Rail 377

Intermodal Services 377

Public Transportation Patronage 377

Importance of Bus Services 379

Temporal Peaking and Its Implications 379

Characteristics Of The Public Transportation Industry：A Personal View 380

Life-Cycle Costing 382

Wear-and-Tear and Maintenance 383

The Problem With Deferred Maintenance 383

Quality of Infrastructure and LOS 385

The Vicious Cycle 386

Service Design 386

Network Structure 386

The Vehicle Cycle 387

A Simple Example 387

Bus-Bunching：An Explanation 388

The Vicious Cycle：Another Example 389

Control Strategies 389

Holding trains 390

Station-skipping 390

Short-turning 390

Need for Real-time Information 391

ITS—Public Transportation Applications 391

Intermodal Transfers 391

Traveler Information Through ITS 392

Fares，Ridership，and Finance 392

Various Demand Functions 393

Linear Demand 393

Parabolic Demand Curve 394

“Real” Demand Function 395

Equity 395

Air Quality 396

Vicious Cycle 396

Some Other Approaches 396

Conclusion：Public Transportation 397

References 397

29 Intercity Traveler Transportation：Air 399

Intercity Traveler Transportation 399

Air Traveler Transportation：A Brief History 399

The Wright Brothers 399

Airmail and the Kelly Act 399

World War Ⅱ 400

Post-World War Ⅱ 400

Commercial Jet Service 401

The Eastern Shuttle 401

Wide-Bodies 401

Airline Costs 401

Regulation 402

Reasons for Air Industry Financial Problems 402

Air Traveler Transportation and the 30 Key Points 403

Stochasticity 403

Peaking in Demand 404

Selecting Capacity 404

Network Behavior 404

Land-Side Issues 405

Airport Access 405

LOS Implications 406

Proximity of Airport to Center City 406

Rail Access to Airports 407

Airport Terminal Design 407

Airports as Commercial Centers 408

Important Air Issues 408

Airport Capacity 408

Congestion Pricing at Airports 408

Hub-and-Spoke Airline Operations 409

Hub-and-Spoke as a Cost/LOS Trade-Off 409

Hub-and-Spoke Operations and System Stability 410

Network Control：Ground Holds 411

Safety 411

Aircraft Technology 412

Aircraft Size 412

Short Take-Off and Landing Aircraft 413

Hypersonic Flight 413

The Space Plane 414

Engine and Materials Technology 414

Airplanes as a United States Export Industry 414

Yield Management in Air Transportation 414

Air Transportation as an Example of Subsidies 415

Frequent Flyer Programs 416

Subsidies Resumed 416

Does Society-at-Large Benefit Enough to Warrant the Subsidy？ 417

Reference 419

30 Intercity Traveler Transportation：Rail 421

Rail Traveler Transportation 421

Rail Terminal Locations：An Advantage 421

Trains：A Surface Mode 422

The Problem：Speed 422

The United States：A Big Country 423

Noise Impact 423

United States National Transportation Policy and Passenger Rail 424

United StatesIntercity Transportation Investment by the Public Sector 425

Strong Modal Orientation 426

Rail Passenger Data：An Historical Perspective 426

Amtrak 428

International Systems 429

Technology for High-Speed Rail 430

The Cost of Speed 431

Incremental High-Speed Rail 432

Mag-Lev 433

Mag-Lev Service Concepts 434

Incremental High-Speed Rail：Resumed 435

Operations Issues for Incremental High-Speed Rail 435

Amtrak Funding and Structure 437

Perspectives of Freight Railroads on Passenger Service 438

Capacity 438

Liability 438

Cost-Sharing and Cost-Allocation 439

Growth Path for Incremental High-Speed Rail 439

The 30 Key Points and Traveler Transportation 440

References 441

Afterword 443

Bibliography 445

1.General Transportation and Modeling 445

2.Transportation Demand and Economics 446

3.Transportation Statistics 446

4.Highways/Automotive 446

5.Intelligent Transportation Systems（ITS） 447

6.Public Transportation 447

7.Urban Transportation，Form and Issues 448

8.Passenger Rail 449

9.Airports 449

10.Freight：Railroads and Trucking 450

11.Maritime Freight 450

12.Intermodal Freight 450

13.Regional Transportation Issues 451

14.Transportation in Developing Countries 451

15.Sustainable Transportation/ Energy 451

16.Transportation Technology 452

17.Transportation Organizations/Governance/Institutions 452

18.History of Transportation 453

19.Management/Economic Trends and Ideas 453

About the Author 455

Index 457