THE POSSITIVE OBIGATIOND OF THE STATE UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

1 The working base 1

1.1 What's right and what's wrong with positive obligations 1

1.2 Overuieii) of chapters 6

1.3 Basic issues of context and subject matter 8

1.3.1 The distinctiveness of human rights 8

1.3.2 International responsibility and the general scope of human rights protection 10

1.3.2.1 Ankle 1 10

1.3.2.2 Title 11

1.3.3 The nature and structure of the Convention rights: the centrality of private life/personality as a core value 12

1.3.4 The object and purpose of the Convention 14

1.4 The doctrinal justification ofpositive obligations 19

1.4.1 Early studies 19

1.4.2 The first positive obligations cases 22

1.4.2.1 XandY 23

1.4.2.2 Marchx 24

1.4.2.3 Airey 26

1.4.3 Subsequent studies 27

1.4.3.1 The horizontality issue: forced or dangerous? 28

1.4.4 The substantive debate: the co(i)nstitutional guarantees 39

1.4.4.1 The national constitutional debate 40

1.4.4.2 The drittwirkung proposal 41

1.4.4.3 The international debate: international responses to international phemnmena 47

1.5 The on-going debate: re-evaluating the subsidiary function of the court 51

2 The application and development of positive obligations 57

2.1 Establishing the distinctive nature and potential of positive obligations in the current reasoned phase of the jurisprudence 59

2.1.1 The merging of positive and negative obligations: the fair balance test 59

2.1.2 The proposal to determine positive obligations under the paragraph 2 provisions 62

2.1.3 The stages before the balance test 65

2.1.4 A firm distinction between positive and negative obligations 69

2.1.5 The perspective of human rights protection: the rule or the exception-the contextual or the ad hoc response? 72

2.2 The wider and common justification of the state's obligations: the critical element of knowledge of the need, of human rights protection 73

2.2.1 The element of knowledge in negative obligations cases 76

2.2.1.1 Express knowledge from direct interference with known results 76

2.2.1.2 Implied knowledge from incidental interference with known or predictable results 78

2.2.1.3 Express or implied knowledge by context and comparative examples 80

2.2.1.4 Express knowledge from express complaints 80

2.2.1.5 Express knowledge from previous decisions of non-justifiability of the interference 82

2.2.2 The element of knowledge in positive obligations cases 82

2.2.2.1 Implied knowledge from a known context of private parties' interactions 82

2.2.2.2 Implied knowledge from previous incidents or comparative examples 84

2.2.2.3 Express knowledge of an identifiable threat 86

2.2.2.4 Express knoiuledge from express complaints 87

2.2.3 The autonomy of the element of knowledge 90

2.3 The content of positive obligations under paragraph 1 of the Convention rights 91

2.3.1 The preliminary question of the scope of human rights: assessing the negative impact involved 92

2.3.2 The scope of protection: the underlying aim of prevention of human rights violations 97

2.3.3 Limits of practicality in the protection of human rights 100

2.3.3.1 Protection against acts of interference by private parties 101

2.3.3.2 Protection when an act of interference is absent 105

2.3.3.3 Conditioning positive obligations on a minimum scope of protection: the bottom-up justification 106

2.3.4 The core content of human rights protection: the legislative framework 107

2.3.5 The core content of human rights protection: the administrative framework 110

2.3.5.1 Violance against the person 111

2.3.5.2 Children under social care supervision 113

2.3.5.3 Industrial activities 114

2.3.5.4 The scope of effectiveness: determining the content of administrative measures 115

2.3.6 The content of human rights protection: the extent of protection - practical measures 116

2.4 A synthesis of human rights protection 118

2.4.1 The point of synthesis: positive obligations as the entrenched safeguards to be 'Prescribed by Law' 120

2.4.1.1 Positive obligations as legal safeguards that condition and justify an act of interference 120

2.4.1.2 Positive obligations as legal safeguards to maintain the initial justification of interference 125

2.4.2 The point of synthesis - special contexts involving competing positive obligations claims 129

2.4.2.1 Examples of contexts with conflict of rights 130

2.4.2.2 General evaluative principles 135

2.5 Conclusion 139

3 Protection in the absence of interference 142

3.1 General principles 146

3.1.1 The state's margin of appreciation in striking a fair balance between competing interests 146

3.1.2 The setting of a pan-European minimum 149

3.1.3 A multi-speed commitment of the states 150

3.1.4 The existence of a direct and immediate link 151

3.1.5 The discrimination issue 153

3.2 Moving towards an objective legal reasoning 155

3.2.1 The positive obligation equation 155

3.2.1.1 The qualitative element 157

3.2.1.2 The quantitative element 163

3.2.2 The extent of human rights protection 168

3.3 Conclusion 171

4 Access points of domestic implementation 173

4.1 The general framework 175

4.1.1 Procedural rights of access 175

4.1.2 Actions against private parties and public officials (in relation to the acts of the former) 177

4.2 Basic working principles 179

4.2.1 Pursuing an 'arguable' human rights claim 179

4.2.2 Legal aid 182

4.2.3 Assessing the domestic standards 184

4.2.3.1 Narroiuer scope of human rights 185

4.2.3.2 Less rigorous evaluative principles 185

4.3 Ex Ante accessibility 187

4.4 Ex Post accessibility 191

4.4.1 Compensation 191

4.4.2 Sanctions 192

4.4.2.1 Violence against the person 192

4.4.2.2 Medical negligence 194

4.4.2.3 Industrial activities 197

4.5 The investigation process: the intermediate determinative 198

4.6 Conclusion 202

5 Summing up 204

5.1 The general message of positive obligations 204

5.2 The distinctive nature of positive obligations 205

5.3 The content of positive obligations 207

5.3.1 The substantive content 207

5.3.1.1 Defining the scope of the Convention rights 208

5.3.1.2 Limits 208

5.3.1.3 Core and ad hoc measures 209

5.3.1.4 A synthesis of human rights protection 210

5.3.2 Access points of domestic implementation 211

5.4 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 215

Index 226