THE UN CONVRNTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

A. Introduction 2

B. Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women 3

Ⅰ. The League of Nations 3

Ⅱ. The UN Charter 4

Ⅲ. The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1967 5

Ⅳ. The UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 and the Decade World Conferences 6

Ⅴ. Adoption of the Convention, 1979 6

C. Structure of the Convention 8

Ⅰ. Preamble 8

Ⅱ. Articles 1 to 5 8

Ⅲ. Articles 6 to 16 10

Ⅳ. Articles 17 to 22 11

Ⅴ. Articles 23 to 30 12

Ⅵ. The Optional Protocol 13

D. Issues of Definition and Interpretation 13

Ⅰ. The Committee as Interpretive Body 13

Ⅱ. Definitions 14

1. Woman 14

2. Gender 15

3. Domestic Implementation 16

Ⅲ. Core Concepts 17

1. The Equality Model 17

2. Equality and Equity 18

Ⅳ. Women's Multiple Identities 19

Ⅴ. Respect, Protect, Fulfil 19

E. Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms 20

Ⅰ. General Recommendations 20

Ⅱ. Concluding Observations 22

Ⅲ. Individual Communications and Inquiry 22

Ⅳ. Suggestions, Decisions, and Statements 23

Ⅴ. Status of Inteipretive Mechanisms as Sources of International Law 23

Ⅵ. Contributions by NGOs 24

F. Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues 25

Ⅰ. The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument 25

Ⅱ. Relationship to Other International Instruments 26

Ⅲ. The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law 28

Ⅳ. Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations 29

Ⅴ. Challenges Based on Religion and Culture 30

Ⅵ. The Challenges of Globalization 31

G. The Convention in the Twenty-first Century 32

Preamble 35

A. Introduction 36

B. Travaux Preparatoires 38

C. Issues of Interpretation 38

Ⅰ. Structure of the Preamble 38

Ⅱ. Contents of the Preamble Paragraphs 39

Article 1 51

A. Introduction 52

Ⅰ. Background 52

Ⅱ. Concepts of Equality and Discrimination 53

1. Formal Equality 53

2. Substantive Equality 54

3. Transformative Equality 55

4. Equality of Opportunity 56

5. Equality of Result or Equality of Outcome 56

Ⅲ. Comparison with Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments 57

B. Travaux Preparatoires 57

C. Issues of Interpretation 59

Ⅰ. Analysis of the Text 59

1. 'Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]' 59

2. 'Sex, Gender and Sexuality' 59

3. 'Which has the Effect or Purpose of 60

4. 'Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women' 60

5. 'Irrespective of Their Marital Status' 61

6. 'On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women' 61

7. 'Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field' 62

Ⅱ. Interpretation by the Committee 62

1. General Approach 62

2. Sex and Gender 64

3. Sexuality/Sexual Orientation 64

4. Concepts of Equality 64

a) Formal and Substantive Equality 64

b) De Jure and De Facto Equality 65

c) Direct and Indirect Discrimination 65

d) Equality of Opportunity/Equality of Outcome or Result 66

e) Equality and Equity 66

5. Relationship between Article 1 and Article 4 67

6. Rights and Freedoms to Which the Convention Applies 67

a) Broader Application: Violence against Women 68

7. Intersectionality 68

D. Reservations 70

Article 2 71

A. Introduction 72

B. Travaux Preparatoires 73

C. Issues of Interpretation 74

Ⅰ. Chapeau 75

1. 'States Parties Condemn Discrimination against Women in all its Forms' 75

2. 'Agree to Pursue by all Appropriate Means and Without Delay a Policy of Eliminating Discrimination against Women' 76

3. 'All Appropriate Means'/'(All) Appropriate Measures' 77

4. 'And, to this End, Undertake' 78

Ⅱ. Article 2(a) 78

1. Direct Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Law 79

2. 'And to Ensure, Through Law and Other Appropriate Means, the Practical Realization of this Principle' 82

Ⅲ. Article 2(b) 83

Ⅳ. Article 2(c) 84

Ⅴ. Article 2(d) 85

Ⅵ. Article 2(e) 86

Ⅶ. Article 2(f) 90

Ⅷ. Article 2(g) 92

D. Other Issues of Application 93

Ⅰ. Federal States/States with Decentralized or Devolved Governance Arrangements 93

Ⅱ. Territorial Application of the Convention 93

Ⅲ. Extraterritorial Application of the Convention 94

Ⅳ. Conduct of States Parties as Participants in International Organizations 96

Ⅴ. Ratification of Other Instruments 97

E. Reservations 97

Article 3 101

A. Introduction 101

B. Travaux Preparatoires 103

C. Issues of Interpretation 103

Ⅰ. 'States Parties Shall Take in All Fields' 103

Ⅱ. 'In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields' 105

Ⅲ. 'All Appropriate Measures' 107

Ⅳ. 'Including Legislation' 108

Ⅴ. 'To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women' 108

Ⅵ. 'For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms' 112

Ⅶ. 'On a Basis of Equality with Men' 114

D. Equality in Context 114

Ⅰ. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality 114

E. States Parties' Obligations 115

Ⅰ. Implementation: Respect, Protect, Promote and Fulfil 115

1. Obligation to Respect 116

2. Obligation to Protect 119

3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil 120

F. Conclusions 121

Article 4 123

A. Introduction 124

Ⅰ. Background 124

Ⅱ. Conceptual Framework of Article 4 126

1. Special Measures are Integral to De Facto Equality 126

2. Protecting Maternity is Integral to Development and Sustainability 127

3. 'Special' 127

4. Mandatory Nature 128

5. Financing of Special Measures 128

6. Time Scale 129

Ⅲ. Comparison to Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments 129

B. Travaux Preparatoires 130

C. Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(1) 130

Ⅰ. Promotional Equality 130

1. Accelerating De Facto Equality 130

2. 'Special Measures' 131

3. Special Measures Are Not Discriminatory 131

4. Systemization of TSMs in Different Contexts 131

5. Temporary 133

Ⅱ. Issues of Policy 134

1. Merit 134

2. Target Beneficiaries 134

3. Burden on Third Parties 135

Ⅲ. Areas of Application 135

1. Scope of Promotional Special Measures 135

2. Intersectionality 136

D. Issues of Interpretation桝rticle 4(2) 136

Ⅰ. Maternity 136

1. Procreation桞iological Difference 136

2. Childrearing 137

Article 5 141

A. Introduction 142

Ⅰ. The Place and Function of Article 5 in the Convention 142

1. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles 142

2. The Place of Article 5 in the Convention 143

3. Transformative Equality and Structural Discrimination 143

4. The Relationship between Article 5 and Discrimination against Women 144

5. Equality, Dignity, and Diversity 145

Ⅱ. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles 146

1. Ideas about the Inferiority or Superiority of either of the Sexes 146

2. Gender and Gender Stereotypes 147

3. Fixed Parental Gender Roles 147

4. The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes 148

5. Gender Stereotypes and Intersectional Discrimination 149

Ⅲ. The Concept of Culture in the Context of Article 5 150

Ⅳ. Related Provisions in Other Human Rights Documents 151

B. Travaux Preparatoires 151

Ⅰ. The Basis for the Article 151

Ⅱ. Developments during the Drafting Process 152

C. The Committee's Interpretation of Article 5 153

Ⅰ. References in Committee Documents 153

Ⅱ. Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women 154

1. Direct Discrimination 154

2. Indirect Discrimination 155

3. Structural Discrimination 155

Ⅲ. The Committee's Approach to Culture 155

1. The Committee's Response to Cultural Essentialism 155

2. Cultural Practices and Beliefs under the Scope of Article 5 156

a) Traditional Harmful Practices and Beliefs 156

b) Machismo 157

c) Protective Maternity Laws 157

d) Breadwinner Models and Sharing Responsibilities within the Family 158

e) Gender Stereotyping in Education and the Media 159

3. Culture and Religion Cannot Justify Discrimination against Women 159

D. Issues of Implementation 161

Ⅰ. The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5 161

1. All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education 161

2. Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media 161

a) The State Party's Obligation to Change Stereotypes 161

b) The State Party's Obligation to Intervene in Public Expressions of Gender Stereotypes 162

3. Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities 163

a) Revealing Structural Discrimination 163

b) Abolishing and Amending Laws and Policies that Sustain Structural Discrimination 163

c) Adopting New Laws and Public Policies 164

4. Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5 164

Ⅱ. The Extent of the Obligations 165

1. Immediate or Gradual Implementation 165

2. Public and Private Life 166

3. Justiciability 166

4. Reservations 167

Article 6 169

A. Introduction 170

Ⅰ. Historical Context and Main Concepts 170

Ⅱ. Role of the Convention 171

Ⅲ. CEDAW Committee Practice 173

1. Concluding Observations 173

2. General Recommendations 173

3. Optional Protocol 174

B. Travaux Preparatoires 175

Ⅰ. Article 6 Placement and Brevity 175

Ⅱ. Scope of Subject Matter 176

1. All Forms of Traffic' 176

2. 'Exploitation of Prostitution' 176

3. Other Harms 177

C. Issues of Interpretation 177

Ⅰ. 'All Forms of Traffic' 177

Ⅱ. 'Exploitation of Prostitution' 178

D. Equality in Context 180

Ⅰ. Formal and Substantive Equality 180

Ⅱ. Transformative Equality 181

Ⅲ. Direct and Indirect Discrimination 182

Ⅳ. Intersectional Discrimination 182

E. States Parties' Obligation 183

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligation 183

1. 'All Appropriate Measures' 183

2. Immediate Implementation 184

3. Specific and Non-specific Obligations 184

Ⅱ. Implementation 185

1. Obligation to Respect 186

a) No Prosecution of Trafficked Women for Status Offences 186

b) No Routine Detention of Trafficked Women 186

c) Respect for Established Rights 186

d) Trafficked Women's and Girls' Citizenship and Nationality Rights 187

e) Discrimination against Prostitutes 187

f) Prompt and Accurate Identification of Trafficked Women 188

2. Obligation to Protect 188

a) Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity 189

b) Protection and Support for Victims 189

c) Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits 190

d) Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases 190

e) Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities 191

f) Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts 191

g) Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking 192

3. Obligation to Fulfil 192

a) Access to Remedies 192

b) Data Collection 192

c) Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking 193

d) Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society 194

e) Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution 194

f) Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation 196

g) Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions 196

Article 7 197

A. Introduction 198

B. Travaux Preparatoires 200

C. Issues of Interpretation 201

Ⅰ. Chapeau 201

1. Political and Public Life of the Country 201

Ⅱ. Article 7(a) 202

1. Political System 202

2. Choice of Electoral System 202

Ⅲ. Article 7(b) 203

1. Government Policy 203

2. Public Office and Public Functions 203

3. Women in the Military 204

4. Privatization 205

5. Women's Access to Traditional Forms of Power 205

6. Women in Post-conflict Reconstruction 206

Ⅳ. Article 7(c) 206

1. Non-governmental Organizations 207

2. Associations Concerned with Political and Public Life 207

3. Women in Political Parties 208

4. Women in Trade Unions 208

5. Fair Representation on Corporate Boards 209

D. Equality in Context 209

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 209

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 209

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping 211

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination 212

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination 213

E. States Parties' Obligations 214

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations 214

1. 'All Appropriate Measures' including the Need for the Application of TSMs 214

a) Types of TSMs in Political and Public Life 214

2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation 215

Ⅱ. Implementation 216

1. Obligation to Respect 216

2. Obligation to Protect 216

3. Obligation to Fulfil 217

Ⅲ. Justiciability 218

Ⅳ. Reservations 218

Article 8 221

A. Introduction 221

B. Travaux Preparatoires 222

C. Issues of Interpretation 223

Ⅰ. Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level 223

Ⅱ. Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations 223

Ⅲ. Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations 224

Ⅳ. International Civil Service 225

Ⅴ. Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions 226

D. Equality in Context 227

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 227

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 227

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping 227

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination 228

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination 228

E. States Parties' Obligations 228

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations 228

1. All Appropriate Measures' 228

2. Need for the Application of TSMs 229

3. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation 229

Ⅱ. Implementation 229

1. Obligation to Respect 229

2. Obligation to Protect 230

3. Obligation to Fulfil 230

Ⅲ. Justiciability 230

Ⅳ. Reservations 231

Article 9 233

A. Introduction 233

B. Travaux Preparatoires 235

C. Issues of Interpretation 237

Ⅰ. Article 9(1) Equality and Non-discrimination in Respect of Women's Nationality 238

1. Eliminating the Concept of Dependent Nationality 241

Ⅱ. Article 9(2) Equality with Respect to the Nationality of Children 243

Ⅲ. The Right to a Passport and Article 9 245

D. Equality in Context 245

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 245

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 246

Ⅲ. Intersectional Discrimination 246

E. States Parties' Obligations 247

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations 247

Ⅱ. Implementation 248

1. Obligation to Respect and Protect 248

2. Obligation to Fulfil 248

Ⅲ. Reservations 249

Article 10 253

A. Introduction 254

Ⅰ. Education as a Human Right: International and Regional Perspectives 255

B. Travaux Preparatoires 256

Ⅰ. Article 10(a) 257

Ⅱ. Atticle 10(b) 257

Ⅲ. Article 10(c) 258

Ⅳ. Article 10(f) 258

Ⅴ. Article 10(g) 258

Ⅵ. Article 10(h) 258

C. Issues of Interpretation 259

Ⅰ. Taking All Appropriate Measures 259

Ⅱ. Equality 260

1. Article 10(a) 260

2. Article 10(b) 262

3. Article 10(c) 263

a) Encouraging Coeducation 265

4. Article 10(d) 265

5. Article 10(e) 266

6. Article 10(0 267

7. Article 10(g) 269

8. Article 10(h) 269

D. Equality in Context 270

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 271

Ⅱ. Moving Beyond Formal Equality 271

Ⅲ. Substantive Equality 271

Ⅳ. Transformative Equality 272

Ⅴ. Direct Discrimination 273

Ⅵ. Indirect Discrimination 273

Ⅶ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) 274

Ⅷ. Intersectional Discrimination 274

E. States Parties' Obligations 275

Ⅰ. The Nature of State Obligations 275

Ⅱ. Implementation 275

1. Obligation to Respect 275

2. Obligation to Protect 276

3. Obligation to Fulfil 276

Ⅲ. Reservations 278

Article 11 279

A. Introduction 281

Ⅰ. ILO and Other UN Agencies 281

Ⅱ. Beijing Platform for Action 282

Ⅲ. Millennium Development Goals 282

B. Travaux Preparatoires 283

Ⅰ. Differing Perspectives in Western, Socialist, and Developing Economies 283

Ⅱ. Reproductive Function 283

Ⅲ. Family Responsibilities 283

Ⅳ. Costs of Maternity Protections and Social Services 284

Ⅴ. Pensionable Age and Part-time Work 284

C. Issues of Interpretation 284

Ⅰ. Concepts 284

Ⅱ. Article 11(1) 285

Ⅲ. Article ll(l)(a) 285

1. Inalienability and Cultural Restrictions on Women's Right to Work 285

2. Realization of Full Employment 286

3. Availability and Accessibility of Decent Work 287

Ⅳ. Article ll(l)(b) 288

1. Employment Opportunities 288

2. Selection for Employment 289

Ⅴ. Article 11 (l)(c) 289

1. Free Choice of Profession and Employment 289

2. Equal Treatment in Employment Conditions 290

3. Sexual Harassment 290

4. Vocational Training, Retraining, and Recurrent Training 291

5. Part-time Work 291

Ⅵ. Article ll(l)(d) 292

Ⅶ. Article ll(l)(e) 294

1. Coverage of Social Security Schemes 294

2. Retirement 295

3. Paid Leave 295

Ⅷ. Article ll(l)(f) 296

1. Safe and Healthy Working Conditions 296

2. Safeguarding of the Function of Reproduction 297

3. Sexual Violence in the Work Environment 297

Ⅸ. Article 11(2) 298

Ⅹ. Article ll(2)(a) 299

1. Prohibition of Dismissal 299

2. Discrimination in Conditions of Employment and in Acceptance to Employment 299

Ⅺ. Article 11(2)(b) 299

1. Right to Leave 299

2. With Pay or Comparable Social Benefits 300

3. Protection of Employment Status 301

Ⅻ. Article ll(2)(c) 301

1. Affordable and Accessible Child Care Facilities 301

2. Encourage or Provide 301

ⅩⅢ. Article ll(2)(d) 302

ⅩⅣ. Article 11(3) 302

D. Equality in Context 303

Ⅰ. Formal and Substantive Equality 303

Ⅱ. Direct and Indirect Discrimination 303

Ⅲ. Elimination of Structural Discrimination Including Gender Stereotyping 304

Ⅳ. Transformative Equality 304

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination 305

E. States Parties' Obligations 307

Ⅰ. Nature of the Prohibition of Discrimination 307

1. 'All Appropriate Measures', Including the Need for Application of TSMs 307

2. Immediate or Gradual Implementation 307

Ⅱ. Implementation 307

Ⅲ. Reservations 309

Article 12 311

A. Introduction 312

B. Travaux Preparatoires 314

C. Issues of Interpretation 315

Ⅰ. Health and its Sex and Gender Dimensions 315

Ⅱ. The Field of Health Care 317

Ⅲ. Access to Health Care Services 317

Ⅳ. Reproductive and Sexual Health Services 320

D. Equality in Context 323

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 323

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 324

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality 325

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination 326

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination 326

Ⅵ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) 327

E. States Parties' Obligations 327

Ⅰ. Nature of the obligations 327

1. 'All Appropriate Measures' 327

2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation 329

3. Specific/Non-specific 330

Ⅱ. Implementation 330

1. Obligation to Respect 330

2. Obligation to Protect 331

3. Obligation to Fulfil 332

Ⅲ. Reservations 332

F. Conclusion 332

Article 13 335

A. Introduction 336

B. Travaux Preparatoires 337

C. Issues of Interpretation 337

Ⅰ. Chapeau 338

1. 'To Eliminate Discrimination'... in Order to Ensure... the Same Rights' 338

2. 'In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life' 339

a) Economic and Social Rights not Protected by other CEDAW Provisions 339

b) Civil and Political Rights Necessary for Participating in Economic and Social Life 340

c) Access to Resources and Opportunities in Social and Economic Life 341

d) Conclusion: Scope of Application of the Chapeau 342

aa) Right to Self-employed Economic Activities 342

bb) Right to Food 342

cc) Right to Adequate Housing 344

dd) Right to an Adequate Standard of Living 345

ee) Right to Water 347

ff) Right to Sanitation 347

gg) Tax Laws 348

hh) Right to Participate in Social Life 348

ii) Right to Communication in Economic and Social Life 349

Ⅱ. Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits 349

1. Concepts 349

2. Equality in Context 350

Ⅲ. Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit 351

1. Concepts 351

2. Equality in Context 351

Ⅳ Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life 352

1. Concepts 352

2. Equality in Context 353

D. States Parties' Obligations 354

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligation 354

Ⅱ. Implementation-Respect, Protect, and Fulfil 354

Ⅲ. Reservations 355

Article 14 357

A. Introduction 358

Ⅰ. Who is a Rural Woman? 359

Ⅱ. Rural Women: From Development to Rights 360

Ⅲ. Rural Women within UN Structures 361

B. Travaux Preparatoires 361

Ⅰ. Other Issues Discussed and Amendments Made 362

1. Coverage 362

2. Equality 363

3. Health and Family Planning 363

4. Education 363

5. Self-help Groups and Cooperatives 363

C. Issues of Interpretation 363

Ⅰ. Article 14(1) 364

1. Significant Roles Which Rural Women Play in the Economic Survival of their Families 364

Ⅱ. Article 14(2) 365

1. Participation 365

2. Article 14(2)(a) 366

3. Article I4(2)(b) 366

4. Accessing Information 368

5. Article 14(2)(c) 369

6. Article l4(2)(d) 370

7. Article 14(2)(e) 372

8. Article 14(2)(f) 373

9. Article 14(2)(g) 374

a) Appropriate Technology 374

b) Equal Treatment in Land 374

c) Land Reform and Resettlement 375

10. Article 14(2)(h) 376

a) Housing 377

b) Water 378

c) Electricity, Communication, and Transport 379

D. Equality in Context 380

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 380

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 380

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality 381

Ⅳ. Direct Discrimination 381

Ⅴ. Indirect Discrimination 381

Ⅵ. Intersectionality 382

Ⅶ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) 382

E. States Parties' Obligations 382

Ⅰ. Obligation to Respect 383

Ⅱ. Obligation to Protect 383

Ⅲ. Obligation to Fulfil 383

F. Reservations 385

Article 15 387

A. Introduction 388

B. Travaux Preparatoires 389

Ⅰ. Article 15(1) 390

Ⅱ. Article 15(2) 390

Ⅲ. Article 15(3) 391

Ⅳ. Article 15(4) 391

C. Issues of Interpretation 392

Ⅰ. Article 15(1) 392

1. Equality and Administration of Criminal Justice 392

Ⅱ. Article 15(2) 395

1. Identical Legal Capacity 395

2. Equality in Contractual and Property Transactions 396

3. Equality in Access to Procedures in Civil Courts and Tribunals 398

Ⅲ. Article 15(3) 398

Ⅳ. Article 15(4) 399

D. Equality in Context 400

Ⅰ. Formal Equality 400

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality 400

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping 401

Ⅳ. Intersectional Discrimination 402

E. States Parties' Obligations 404

Ⅰ. Nature of the obligation 404

Ⅱ. Implementation 404

Ⅲ. Reservations 405

F. Conclusion 406

Article 16 409

A. Introduction 410

Ⅰ. Preliminary History 412

Ⅱ. Travaux Preparatoires 413

Ⅲ. General Recommendation 21 415

B. Issues of Interpretation 415

Ⅰ. Chapeau 415

1. All Appropriate Measures... and in Particular' 415

2. The 'Same Rights and Responsibilities' 416

3. 'Marriage and Family Relations' 416

4. De Facto Relationships 417

5. Unregistered Marriages as De Facto Unions 418

6. Polygamy 419

7. Equality in the Family and Multiple Legal Systems 420

Ⅱ. Article 16(1) 422

1. Article 16(l)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage 422

2. Article 16(l)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent 422

a) Arranged Marriage and Forced Marriage 423

3. Article 16(l)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution 425

a) During Marriage 425

b) Dissolution of Marriage 425

aa) Grounds for Divorce 425

bb) Process and Procedure 426

4. Article 16(l)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount 427

a) Child Custody in Divorce: In all Such Cases, the Interest of the Children Shall Be Paramount 428

b) Children Born Out of Wedlock 429

5. Article 16(l)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights 429

6. Article 16(l)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount 430

7. Article 16(l)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation 431

a) Right to Choose a Family Name 431

b) Right to Choose a Profession and an Occupation 432

8. Article 16(l)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration 432

a) Acquisition and Ownership, Management, and Administration During the Marriage 432

b) Division of Property upon Dissolution of Marriage or De Facto Relationship 433

c) Inheritance 435

Ⅲ. Article 16(2) 436

1. Definition:'a Child' 436

2. Betrothal and Marriage of a Child 437

3. Shall Have No Legal Effect 437

4. Minimum Age for Marriage 438

5. Marriage Registration 438

Ⅳ. Equality in Context 438

1. Formal Equality 438

2. Substantive and Transformative Equality 439

C. States Parties' Obligations 439

Ⅰ. Implementation 439

1. Obligation to Respect 439

2. Obligation to Protect 440

3. Obligation to Fulfil 440

Ⅱ. Reservations 441

1. Withdrawal of Reservations 442

2. Reservations and the Optional Protocol 442

Violence Against Women 443

A. Introduction 443

B. General Recommendation 19 444

Ⅰ. Background to General Recommendation 19 444

Ⅱ. General Recommendation 19 447

Ⅲ. Subsequent International Instruments 447

C. Violence against Women: Interpretive Issues 450

Ⅰ. Violence against Women within an Equality Paradigm 450

Ⅱ. Definition of Gender-based Violence against Women 452

D. Gender-Based Violence against Women: Sites and Forms 453

Ⅰ. Introduction 453

Ⅱ. Violence in the Family 454

Ⅲ. Violence Occurring in the Community 456

1. Physical Violence in the Community 456

2. Exploitation 458

3. Harmful Practices 458

4. Workplace Violence 459

Ⅳ. Violence Condoned or Perpetrated by the State 460

Ⅴ. Violence in Armed Conflict 461

E. Violence against Women: Equality in Context 463

Ⅰ. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality 463

Ⅱ. Intersectional Discrimination 464

F. States Parties' Obligations 465

Ⅰ. Nature of States Parties' Obligations 465

1. Appropriate and Effective Measures 465

2. Duty of Due Diligence 466

3. The Standard of Due Diligence 466

Ⅱ. Implementation of States Parties' Obligations 467

1. Obligation to Respect 468

2. Obligation to Protect 469

3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil 471

G. Conclusions 473

Article 17 475

A. Introduction 476

B. Travaux Preparatoires 477

C. Internal Organization and Engagement with Other Entities 478

Ⅰ. Subsidiary Bodies 478

Ⅱ. Interaction with Other Entities in the UN System 479

Ⅲ. The Committee and Treaty Body Reform 479

D. Committee Practice 480

Ⅰ. Article 17(1) 480

Ⅱ. Article 17(2) 482

Ⅲ. Practice and Developments relating to Article 17(3) and (4) 482

Ⅳ. Article 17(5) 483

Ⅴ. Article 17(6) and 17(7) 483

Ⅵ. Article 17(8) 484

Ⅶ. Article 17(9) 484

Article 18 489

A. Introduction 489

B. Travaux Preparatoires 490

C. Committee Practice 491

Ⅰ. The Obligation to Submit Country Reports 491

1. Encouraging the Submission of Reports桝voiding Duplication in Reporting 491

2. Allowing Combined Reports 492

3. Persuading States Parties to Submit Reports 493

Ⅱ. Reporting Requirements 494

1. Form and Contents of Reports 495

2. NGOs and their Involvement in the Preparation of States Parties' Reports 497

Ⅲ. The Committee's Role 497

1. Preparing for the Dialogue with States Parties 497

2. The Constructive Dialogue 499

Ⅳ. Periodic Reporting Requirements and Committee Review 500

1. Concluding Observations 501

2. Format of the Concluding Observations 501

3. Procedure for Adopting Concluding Observations 503

4. Follow-up to Concluding Observations 504

Ⅴ. The Role of Other Entities 505

1. Information from National Human Rights Institutions 505

2. Information from Non-Governmental Organizations 505

3. Role of the Secretariat 507

Article 19 509

A. Introduction 509

B. Travaux Preparatoires 509

C. Committee Practice 509

Ⅰ. Article 19(1) 509

Ⅱ. Article 19(2) 512

Article 20 513

A. Introduction 513

B. Travaux Preparatoires 514

C. Committee Practice 514

Ⅰ. 'The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually...' 514

Ⅱ. '... in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention. 517

Ⅲ. 'The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.' 517

Article 21 519

A. Introduction 519

B. Travaux Preparatoires 520

C. Committee Practice 520

Ⅰ. Article 21(1) 520

1. Assessing States Parties' Reports 522

2. General Recommendations 523

3. Statements 524

Ⅱ. Article 21(2) 525

Article 22 527

A. Introduction 527

B. Travaux Preparatoires 527

C. Committee Practice 528

Article 23 531

A. Introduction 531

B. Travaux Preparatoires 532

C. Issues of Interpretation 533

Ⅰ. Nothing in the Present Convention Shall Affect Any Provisions that Are More Conducive to the Achievement of Equality Between Men and Women Which May Be Contained: 533

1. (a) In the Legislation of a State Party; or 533

2. (b) In Any Other International Convention, Treaty or Agreement in Force for that State 534

Ⅱ. Other International Law 535

D. Interpretation by the Committee桮eneral Approach 536

E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings 537

Article 24 539

A. Introduction 539

B. Travaux Preparatoires 540

C. Issues of Interpretation 540

Ⅰ. Undertake to Adopt 541

Ⅱ. All Necessary Measures 541

Ⅲ. At the National Level 541

Ⅳ. Aimed at Achieving the Full Realization 542

Ⅴ. Of the Rights Recognized in the Present Convention 542

D. Interpretation by the Committee-General Approach 542

Ⅰ. Parliaments/Legislatures 544

Ⅱ. National Human Rights Institutions 544

E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings 545

Article 25 547

A. Introduction 547

B. Travaux Preparatoires 548

C. Practice of States Parties 548

D. Issues of Interpretation 548

Ⅰ. Article 25(1) 548

1. Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; Former Colonies 549

a) United Kingdom 549

b) The Netherlands 550

c) New Zealand 550

d) Hong Kong 550

2. De Facto Regimes, Non-State Subjects of International Law, and Municipalities 551

a) De Facto Regimes, Including Taiwan 551

b) Holy See 551

c) Sao Paulo State, Brazil 552

d) San Francisco, California, USA 552

Ⅱ. Article 25(2) 552

Ⅲ. Article 25(3) 553

Ⅳ. Article 25(4) 554

Ⅴ. Absence of a Withdrawal Clause 556

Article 26 557

A. Introduction 557

B. Travaux Preparatoires 557

C. Practice of States Parties 558

D. Issues of Interpretation 558

Ⅰ. Article 26(1) 558

Ⅱ. Article 26(2) 559

Article 27 561

A. Introduction 561

B. Travaux Preparatoires 561

C. Practice of States Parties 562

D. Issues of Interpretation 562

Ⅰ. Article 27(1) 562

Ⅱ. Article 27(2) 563

Article 28 565

A. Introduction 565

B. Travaux Preparatoires 566

C. Reservations to the Convention 567

Ⅰ. General reservations 568

Ⅱ. Articles 1 to 5 569

Ⅲ. Articles 7-9 571

Ⅳ. Articles 11-14 572

Ⅴ. Articles 15-16 573

D. Activity to Address Reservations to the Convention 575

Ⅰ. Objections by States Parties 575

Ⅱ. Meeting of States Parties 579

Ⅲ. The Work of the Committee 581

E. Removal and Modification of Reservations 591

F. Conclusion 595

Article 29 597

A. Introduction 597

B. Travaux Preparatoires 598

C. Practice of States Parties 599

D. Issues of Interpretation 599

Ⅰ. Article 29(1) 599

Ⅱ. Article 29(2) 600

Ⅲ. Article 29(3) 601

Article 30 603

A. Introduction 603

B. Travaux Preparatoires 603

C. Practice of the Secretary-General 604

D. Issues of Interpretation 604

Optional Protocol 607

A. Introduction 608

B. Background 608

Ⅰ. Negotiations of the Convention 608

Ⅱ. The Campaign for Further Monitoring Procedures 609

Ⅲ. The Drafting Process in the CSW 613

Ⅳ. The Work of the Committee under the Optional Protocol 617

C. Commentary 618

Ⅰ. The Preamble 618

Ⅱ. Article 1 619

Ⅲ. Article 2 621

1. Individuals or Groups of Individuals 622

2. Victims of a Violation 626

3. Under the Jurisdiction of the State Party 628

4. The Rights Set Forth in the Convention 629

Ⅳ. Article 3 631

Ⅴ. Article 4 632

1. All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief 634

2. The Same Matter 640

3. Incompatible 641

4. Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated 643

5. Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication 644

6. The Facts... Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date 644

Ⅵ. Article 5 647

Ⅶ. Article 6 650

Ⅷ. Article 7 653

1. Consideration of Communications and its Outcome 653

2. Follow-up Procedure 656

Ⅸ. Article 8 659

Ⅹ. Article 9 666

Ⅺ. Article 10 668

Ⅻ. Article 11 669

ⅩⅢ. Article 12 670

ⅩⅣ. Article 13 671

ⅩⅤ. Article 14 672

ⅩⅥ. Article 15 673

ⅩⅦ. Article 16 674

ⅩⅧ. Article 17 675

ⅩⅨ. Article 18 676

ⅩⅩ. Article 19 677

ⅩⅪ. Article 20 678

ⅩⅫ. Article 21 679

Annexe 1: Table of General Recommendations 681

Annexe 2: Table of Treaties 683

Annexe 3: Bibliography 689

Index 713