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OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE PARTS 2 TO 4
OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE PARTS 2 TO 4

OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE PARTS 2 TO 4PDF电子书下载

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  • 作 者:
  • 出 版 社:OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
  • 出版年份:2008
  • ISBN:0582302455
  • 页数:1367 页
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《OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE PARTS 2 TO 4》目录
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Part 2 The objects of international law 561

Chapter 5 State territory 563

ON STATE TERRITORY IN GENERAL 563

168 Concept of state territory 563

169 Importance of state territory 564

170 Divisibility of territorial sovereignty 565

THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF STATE TERRITORY 572

171 Land,internal waters,territorial sea 572

172 Archipelagic waters 573

173 Airspace 573

174 Other areas of coastal state jurisdiction and rights 573

rivers 574

175 Rivers as territory of riparian states 574

176 Rights of navigation:the Danube 575

177 Other European rivers after the First World War 578

178 Barcelona Convention 1921 580

179 Utilisation of the flow of international rivers 582

180 Helsinki Rules 586

181 Work of the International Law Commission 588

LAKES AND LAND-LOCKED SEAS 589

182 Lakes and land-locked seas 589

CANALS 591

183 Canals in general 591

184 The Suez Canal 592

185 The Kiel Canal 595

186 The Panama Canal 595

THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE 599

187 Concept of territorial sea 600

188 The normal territorial sea baseline 602

189 The mouths of rivers 603

190 Islands and islets 604

191 Reefs and atolls 605

192 Low-tide elevations 605

193 Ports,harbours and roadsteads and the baseline 606

194 Straight baselines 607

195 Lighthouses outside the territorial sea 610

196 Breadth of the territorial sea 611

197 Territorial sea boundaries 613

198 Navigation within the territorial sea 614

199 Definition of innocent passage 615

200 Coastal state laws and regulations and innocent passage 617

201 Warships and innocent passage 618

202 Jurisdiction within the territorial sea 620

203 Jurisdiction in ports and harbours 622

204 Vessels in distress 624

205 The contiguous zone 625

GULFS AND BAYS 626

206 Territorial gulfs and bays 627

207 Historic bays 630

208'Vital'bays and waters 631

209 Pluristatal bays 632

STRAITS 633

210 International straits and passage 634

211 Transit passage 636

212 Innocent passage of certain straits 641

213 The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles 641

ARCHIPELAGOES AND ARCHIPELAGIC STATES 643

214 Regime of archipelagoes 644

215 Archipelagic states 645

216 Archipelagic waters 647

217 Rights of passage and overflight 648

THE AIR AND AERIAL NAVIGATION 650

218 Early theories 650

219 Paris Convention 1919 651

220 Chicago Civil Aviation Convention 1944 652

221 Other Chicago instruments 655

222 The ICAO 657

223 Bilateral agreements 657

224 Other multilateral conventions 658

225 Radio communications 659

BOUNDARIES OF STATE TERRITORY 661

226 Territorial boundaries 661

227 Boundary treaties 663

228 Boundary maps 663

229 Boundary rivers 664

230 Boundary lakes and inland seas 666

231 Mountain boundaries 667

232 Boundary disputes 667

233 Boundary and territorial disputes distinguished 668

234 Third states 669

235 Utipossidetis 669

STATE SERVITUDES 670

236 So-called state servitudes 670

237 Subjects and objects of such rights 672

238 Servitudes rights in rem 673

239 Extinction of state servitudes 675

240 Land-locked states 676

MODES OF ACQUISITION OF STATE TERRITORY 677

241 Who can acquire state territory 677

242 Former doctrines concerning acquisition of territory 678

243 Modes of acquisition of state territory 679

CESSION 679

244 Concept of cession of state territory 679

245 Form of cession 680

246 Tradition of ceded territory 682

247 Third states 683

248 Plebiscite 683

249 Option of nationality and emigration 685

OCCUPATION 686

250 Concept of occupation 686

251 Elements of occupation 688

252 Inchoate title of discovery 689

253 Extent of occupation 690

254 Spheres of influence 691

255 Consequences of occupation 692

256 The Polar regions 692

257 The Antarctic Treaty 694

ACCRETION 696

258 Concept of accretion 696

259 Artificial formations 696

260 Alluvion 697

261 Abandoned river beds 697

262 Newborn islands 698

SUBJUGATION 698

263 Concepts of conquest and subjugation 698

264 Germany after the Second World War 699

265 Subjugation distinguished from belligerent occupation 700

266 Consequences of subjugation 700

267 Veto of third states 702

268 Renunciation of force or threat of force and title to territory 702

PRESCRIPTION 705

269 Concept of prescription 705

270 Conditions for prescription 706

HISTORIC TITLES,CRITICAL DATE,SELF-DETERMINATION 708

271 Continuous display of territorial sovereignty 708

272 Consolidation of historic titles 709

273 The critical date 710

274 Self-determination 712

275 Attitude of the international community 715

LOSS OF STATE TERRITORY 716

276 Six modes of losing state territory 716

Chapter 6 The high seas 719

RISE OF THE FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS 719

277 Former claims to control over the sea 720

278 Grotius's attack on maritime sovereignty 721

279 Gradual recognition of the freedom of the high seas 722

CONCEPT OF THE HIGH SEAS 722

280 Meaning of high seas 722

281 The 1958 Geneva Conference 723

282 UNCLOS III 724

283 The status of the 1982 Convention 725

THE FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS 726

284 Meaning of the freedom of the high seas 726

285 Navigation and other freedoms on the high seas 728

286 Discrepancies between the 1958 and 1982 Conventions 730

JURISDICTION ON THE HIGH SEAS 731

287 The nationality of ships and aircraft 731

288 The'genuine link' 732

289 Maritime flags of land-locked states and international organisations 733

290 Ships'papers and names 734

291 The scope of flag jurisdiction 734

292 Jurisdictional immunity of warships and public vessels 735

293 Powers of warships over merchantmen 736

294 The right of hot pursuit 739

295 Escorting arrested vessels on the high seas 741

296 Safety of traffic on the high seas 741

297 The Load Line Convention 743

298 Duty to render assistance 744

PIRACY AND RELATED OFFENCES 746

299 Concept of piracy 746

300 Public ships and piracy 747

301 Mutinous crew and passengers 751

302 Object of piracy 752

303 Where piracy can be committed 753

304 Jurisdiction over pirates and their punishment 753

305 Piracy according to municipal law 754

FISHERIES ON THE HIGH SEAS 755

306 Fishing as a high seas freedom 756

307 High seas fisheries treaties 757

308 Regulation of whaling 757

309 Geneva Convention and the 1982 Convention 759

SUBMARINE CABLES AND PIPELINES 760

310 Telegraph cables in the open sea 760

311 International protection of submarine telegraph cables 761

312 Pipelines 761

RADIO COMMUNICATION AND THE HIGH SEAS 763

313 Radio communication on the high seas 763

CONTINENTAL SHELF 764

314 Early claims to seabed and subsoil under high seas 765

315 The Truman Proclamation and the resulting practice 768

316 Nature of the continental shelf 770

317 Continental shelf rights 773

318 Continental shelf resources 774

319 Waters superjacent to continental shelf 774

320 Installations,structures and artificial islands 775

321 Tunnelling 776

322 Continental shelf beyond 200 miles 776

323 Continental shelf delimitation 776

324 The North Sea cases 778

325 1982 Convention,Article 83 780

326 Later cases 781

FISHERY ZONES AND THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE 782

327 The beginnings of fishery zone claims 784

328 The exclusive economic zone 788

329 Sources of EEZ law 789

330 1982 Convention provisions 790

331 The rights and duties of the coastal state 792

332 The rights and duties of other states 792

333 Artificial islands,installations and structures in the EEZ 794

334 Living resources of the EEZ 796

335 The allowable catch 797

336 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states 799

337 Fish stocks and boundaries 800

338 Marine mammals 800

339 Anadromous stocks 800

340 Catadromous species 801

341 Enforcement of coastal state laws 801

342 Navigation and other freedoms 802

343 Overflight 803

344 Non-living resources 804

345 Fishing zones of 200 miles 804

346 Delimitation of the EEZ 804

347 A single maritime boundary 805

MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 807

348 The Geneva Convention 808

349 The Convention on the Law of the Sea 809

THE AREA AND DEEP SEA MINING 812

350 Part ⅩⅠ of the 1982 Convention 812

351 Position of non-parties 814

352 Other agreements 815

THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 816

353 Agreements on pollution 816

354 The Torrey Canyon and the Brussels Conference 817

355 The 1982 Convention'General Provisions' 819

356 The 1982 Rules and Regulations 820

357 Enforcement of the 1982 regime 821

358 Enforcement and transit passage 823

359 Responsibility and liability 824

360 Sovereign immunity 825

361 Legal suatus of Part ⅩⅡ 825

Chapter 7 Outer Space 826

OUTER SPACE 826

362 Beginnings of space law 826

363 The Outer Space Treaty 1967 828

364 Responsibility,liability and jurisdiction 830

365 Space accidents and the Astronauts Agreement 1968 831

366 The Registration Convention 1974 833

367 The Liability Convention 1971 834

368 The Moon Treaty 1979 836

369 International organisations 838

370 Definition of outer space 839

371 Geostationary orbit 841

372 Telecommunications space stations,etc. 842

373 Remote sensing 844

Chapter 8 Individuals 846

POSITION OF INDIVIDUALS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 846

374 Importance of individuals to international law 846

375 Individuals as subjects of international law 847

376 Nationality the link between individuals and international law 849

377 International law and the rights of mankind 849

NATIONALITY 851

378 Concept of nationality 851

379 Function of nationality 857

380 Corporations 859

381 Nationality and emigration 864

382 The right of expatriation 867

ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF NATIONALITY 868

383 Five modes of acquisition of nationality 869

384 Acquisition of nationality by birth 870

385 Citizenship within the Commonwealth 871

386 Acquisition of nationality through naturalisation 872

387 Naturalisation by grant on application 875

388 Effect of naturalisation upon previous nationality 876

389 Acquisition of nationality through redintegration 877

390 Acquisition of nationality through annexation and cession 877

391 Modes of losing nationality 877

DOUBLE NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS 882

392 Possibility of double nationality and statelessness 882

393 How double nationality occurs 883

394 Position of individuals with double nationality 883

395 Regulation of double nationality by treaty 884

396 How statelessness occurs 886

397 Posidon of stateless individuals 886

398 Regulation of statelessness by treaty 887

399 Refugees 890

RECEPTION OF ALIENS AND RIGHT OF ASYLUM 896

400 Admission of aliens 897

401 Reception of aliens under conditions 899

402 The so-called right of asylum 901

POSITION OF ALIENS AFTER RECEPTION 903

403 Position of aliens in general 904

404 Personal position of aliens 904

405 Protection afforded to the persons and property of aliens 910

406 Aliens in certain African and Asian states 911

407 Property of aliens:expropriation 911

408 State debts and other contracts with aliens 927

409 National and international standard of treatment:non-discrimination 931

410 Aliens and the protection of their home state 934

411 Protection of non-nationals 935

412 Departure from the foreign country 939

EXPULSION OF ALIENS 940

413 Competence to expel aliens 940

414 How expulsion is effected 945

EXTRADITION 948

415 Absence of legal duty of extradition 948

416 Rise of extradition treaties 950

417 National extradition laws 954

418 Extradition of nationals 955

419 Extraditable crimes 957

420 Conditions of extradition 959

PRINCIPLE OF NON-EXTRADITION OF POLITICAL CRIMINALS 962

421 Origin of the principle 962

422 Difficulty concerning the concept of political crime 963

423 National law and the concept of political crimes 965

424 International attempts to limit the meaning of'political offence' 969

THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 972

425 Before the First World War 973

426 After the First World War 973

427 The sanctions of the minority clauses 974

428 After the Second World War 976

SLAVERY,SLAVE TRAFFIC,AND FORCED LABOUR 978

429 Slavery and the slave traffic 979

430 Abolition of forced labour 982

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 983

431 The bases of the international protection of human rights 984

432 Protection of workers:the ILO 985

433 The Charter of the United Nations and Human Rights 988

434 The Genocide Convention 993

435 Crimes against humanity 995

436 An International Bill of Human Rights:progress towards an effective code 998

437 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1001

438 United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1005

439 Racial discrimination 1007

440 Covenants on Economic,Social,Cultural,Civil and Political Rights 1012

441 Rights of women 1018

442 The protection of human rights in Europe 1020

443 Inter-American protection of human rights 1026

444 Protection of human rights in Africa 1029

Part 3 Organs of the states for their international relations 1031

Chapter 9 Heads of States,and Foreign Offices 1033

POSITION OF HEADS OF STATES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 1033

445 Heads of States in general 1033

446 Competences of Heads of States 1034

447 Honours and privileges of Heads of States 1034

MONARCHS AND PRESIDENTS 1035

448 Sovereignty of monarchs 1035

449 Presidents not sovereigns 1035

CONSIDERATION DUE TO MONARCHS AND PRESIDENTS 1036

450 Monarchs and presidents treated similarly 1036

451 Consideration due to Heads of States abroad 1036

452 The retinue of Heads of States abroad 1039

453 The families of Heads of States abroad 1039

454 Position abroad of a Head of State in a private capacity 1041

455 Head of State travelling incognito 1042

456 Deposed and abdicated Heads of States 1043

457 Regents 1044

458 Heads of States in the service of foreign states 1044

FOREIGN OFFICES 1044

459 Position of the Minister for Foreign Affairs 1045

460 Conclusiveness of statements of foreign ministries before national courts 1046

Chapter 10 Diplomatic envoys 1053

THE INSTITUTION OF LEGATION 1053

461 Development of legations 1053

462 Diplomacy 1054

463 The language of diplomacy 1054

RIGHT OF LEGATION 1056

464 Concept of the right of legation 1056

465 What states possess the right of legation 1056

466 By whom the right of legation is exercised 1057

467 Diplomatic relations 1058

KINDS AND CLASSES OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS 1058

468 Envoys ceremonial and political 1058

469 Classes of diplomatic envoys 1059

470 Ambassadors 1060

471 Ministers and envoys 1061

472 Charges d'affaires 1061

473 The diplomatic corps 1061

APPOINTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS 1062

474 Person and qualifications of the envoy 1062

475 Letters of credence,full powers 1062

476 Combined diplomatic missions 1063

477 Appointment of several envoys 1063

RECEPTION OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS 1063

478 No duty to receive diplomatic envoys 1064

479 Refusal to receive a certain individual 1064

480 Mode and solemnity of reception 1064

481 Reception of envoys to conferences,and to international organisations 1065

FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS 1065

482 On diplomatic functions in general 1065

483 Negotiation 1066

484 Observation 1066

485 Protection 1066

486 Miscellaneous functions 1066

487 Abstention from interference in internal affairs 1068

POSITION OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS 1069

488 Diplomatic envoys objects of international law 1069

489 Privileges due to diplomatic envoys 1069

490 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 1070

491 Diplomatic envoys and members of the staff of the mission 1071

INVIOLABILITY 1072

492 Protection due to diplomatic agents 1072

493 Limitation of inviolability 1074

494 Inviolability of diplomatic premises 1075

495 So-called diplomatic asylum 1082

496 The Asylum case between Colombia and Peru 1085

497 Inviolability of other diplomatic property 1086

498 Inviolability of diplomatic communications 1087

IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS 1090

499 Reason for immunities and privileges of diplomatic agents 1090

500 Exemption from civil jurisdiction 1092

501 Exemption from criminal jurisdiction 1095

502 Exemption from police 1097

503 Waiver of immunity and abuse of diplomatic privilege 1097

504 Exemption from subpoena as witnesses 1100

505 Exemption from taxes,local charges,and customs 1101

506 Right of chapel 1103

507 Self-jurisdiction 1103

508 Miscellaneous privileges and exemptions 1104

509 Duration of privileges and immunities 1104

PERSONS OTHER THAN DIPLOMATIC AGENTS 1107

510 Persons other than diplomatic agents 1107

511 Members of the staff of the mission 1108

512 Private servants 1109

513 Families 1110

514 Diplomatic couriers 1112

POSITION OF MEMBERS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AS REGARDS THIRD STATES 1113

515 Possible cases 1113

516 Envoy travelling through territory of third state 1114

517 Envoy found by belligerent on occupied enemy territory 1116

518 Legal proceedings in a third state 1116

TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION 1117

519 Termination of diplomatic missions and breach of diplomatic relations 1117

520 Expiration of letter of credence 1117

521 Recall 1117

522 Dismissal 1118

523 Breach of diplomatic relations 1119

524 Promotion to a higher class 1120

525 Outbreak of war 1120

526 Constitutional changes 1121

527 Revolutionary changes 1121

528 Extinction of sending or receiving state 1122

529 Death of envoy 1123

530 Consequences of termination 1124

SPECIAL MISSIONS 1125

531 Special missions in general 1125

532 Conferences 1126

533 Convention on Special Missions 1969 1126

Chapter 11 Consuls 1132

THE INSTITUTION OF CONSULS 1132

534 Development of the institution of consuls 1132

535 Nature of consular activity 1133

536 Consular conventions 1134

CONSULAR ORGANISATION 1135

537 Different kinds of consuls 1135

538 Consular districts 1135

539 Different classes of consuls 1136

540 Consuls subordinate to diplomatic envoys 1136

APPOINTMENT OF CONSULS 1137

541 No obligation to admit consuls 1137

542 Right to appoint consuls 1137

543 Mode of appointment and of admittance 1137

FUNCTIONS OF CONSULS 1139

544 Consular functions in general 1139

545 Promotion of commerce and industry 1139

546 Supervision of navigation and aircraft 1140

547 Protection 1140

548 Notarial functions 1141

POSITION AND PRIVILEGES OF CONSULS 1142

549 Position of consuls 1142

550 Consular privileges 1142

551 Duration of privileges and immunities 1150

552 Obligations of third states 1150

TERMINATION OF CONSULAR OFFICE 1151

553 Causes of termination 1151

554 Change in headship of states 1152

555 Consequences of termination 1153

Chapter 12 Miscellaneous agencies 1154

ARMED FORCES ON FOREIGN TERRITORY 1154

556 Armed forces as state organs 1154

557 Occasions for armed forces to be abroad 1154

558 Position of armed forces abroad 1156

559 United Nations forces 1164

STATE SHIPS OUTSIDE NATIONAL WATERS 1165

560 Warships as state organs 1165

561 Proof of character as warships 1166

562 Occasions for warships to be abroad 1166

563 Position of warships in foreign waters 1167

564 Position of crew when on land abroad 1169

565 State ships other than warships 1170

AGENTS WITHOUT DIPLOMATIC OR CONSULAR CHARACTER 1174

566 Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character 1174

567 Political agents 1174

568 Commercial agents 1175

569 Clandestine agents:spies 1176

570 Members of commissions 1177

571 Observers and inspectors 1177

Part 4 International transactions 1179

Chapter 13 On international transactions in general 1181

NEGOTIATION 1181

572 Different kinds of international transaction 1181

573 Consultation and negotiation 1181

CONFERENCES 1183

574 Conferences 1183

575 Conferences:parties and procedure 1184

TRANSACTIONS BESIDES NEGOTIATION AND TREATIES 1187

576 Unilateral acts:general 1187

577 Declarations 1188

578 Notification 1193

579 Protest 1193

580 Renunciation 1195

Chapter 14 Treaties 1197

CHARACTER AND FUNCTION OF TREATIES 1197

581 Development of the law of treaties:Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties 1969 and 1986 1197

582 Concept of treaties 1199

583 So-called law-making treaties 1203

584 Binding force of treaties 1206

FORM AND PARTS OF TREATIES 1207

585 Form of treaties 1207

586 Acts,conventions,declarations,exchanges of notes,etc 1208

587 Parts of treaties 1210

OBJECTS OF TREATIES 1211

588 Objects of treaties in general 1211

589 Obligations limited to contracting parties 1211

590 Effects of treaties inconsistent with other treaty obligations 1211

591 Consequences of concluding treaties inconsistent with prior treaty obligations 1214

592 Treaties inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations 1215

593 Immoral obligations 1216

594 Ius cogens 1217

PARTIES TO TREATIES 1217

595 Treaty-making capacity of states 1217

596 Treaty-making capacity of international organisations 1219

597 Exercise of the treaty-making power:full powers 1220

CONCLUSION AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF TREATIES 1222

598 Adoption and authentication of the text of a treaty 1223

599 Mutual consent of the contracting parties 1224

600 Signature 1225

601 Exchange of instruments 1226

602 Ratification:concept and function 1226

603 Requirements of ratification 1228

604 Delay in ratification 1230

605 Refusal of ratification 1230

606 Form and mode of ratification 1231

607 Partial and conditional ratification 1232

608 Exchange,deposit and notification of ratifications 1234

609 Effect of ratification 1234

610 Acceptance and approval of treaties 1236

611 Accession 1236

612 Effects prior to entry into force 1238

613 Date and manner of entry into force 1239

RESERVATIONS 1240

614 Meaning and purpose of reservations 1241

615 When reservations are prohibited 1243

616 Effects of reservations on participation in a treaty (1) 1244

617 Effects of reservations on participation in a treaty (2) 1246

618 Effects of reservations on the terms of the treaty 1247

619 Withdrawal of reservations,and procedure 1247

EFFECT OF TREATIES 1248

620 Effect of treaty on the parties 1249

621 Territorial scope of treaties 1250

622 Effect of treaties upon individuals 1253

623 Effect of changes in government upon treaties 1253

624 Amendment of treaties 1254

625 Securing the performance of treaties 1257

TREATIES AND THIRD STATES 1260

626 Effects of treaties upon third states 1260

627 Indirect imposition of obligations upon non-parties 1263

628 Participation of third states in treaties 1265

INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES 1266

629 Purpose of interpretation 1267

630 Authentic interpretation 1268

631 Rules of interpretation 1269

632 General rule of interpretation 1271

633 Supplementary means of interpretation 1275

634 Plurilingual treaties 1283

INVALIDITY OF TREATIES 1284

635 Invalidity in general 1284

636 Constitutional restrictions 1285

637 Restrictions on representative's powers 1288

638 Error 1288

639 Fraud 1289

640 Corruption 1289

641 Coercion 1290

642 Conflict with ius cogens 1292

643 Procedure in cases of invalidity 1293

644 Consequences of invalidity 1294

WITHDRAWAL,TERMINATION AND SUSPENSION 1296

645 In general 1296

646 Consent of the parties 1296

647 Denunciation or withdrawal by notice 1298

648 Conclusion of a later treaty 1299

649 Breach 1300

650 Supervening impossibility of performance 1303

651 Fundamental changes of circumstances 1304

652 Severance of diplomatic or consular relations 1309

653 Emergence of new rule of ius cogens 1309

654 Extinction,or change of status,of a party 1310

655 War 1310

656 Procedure 1310

657 Consequences of termination,withdrawal or suspension of operation 1311

RENEWAL,RECONFIRMATION,AND REDINTEGRATION OF TREATIES 1311

658 Renewal of treaties 1311

659 Reconfirmation 1312

660 Redintegration 1312

DEPOSITARIES AND REGISTRATION 1312

661 Depositaries 1313

662 Registration of treaties under the Covenant 1314

663 Registration of treaties under the Charter 1315

Chapter 15 Important groups of treaties 1318

ALLIANCES 1318

664 Concept of alliances 1318

665 Alliances under the Charter of the United Nations 1319

666 The casus foederis 1322

TREATIES OF GUARANTEE AND OF PROTECTION 1322

667 Concept and objects of treaties of guarantee 1322

668 Effect of treaties of guarantee 1324

MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATIES 1326

669 Most favoured nation treaties 1326

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