OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE INTRODUCTON AND PAPT 1PDF电子书下载

Introduction Foundation and development of international law 1

Chapter 1 Foundation of international law 3

THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 3

1 Concept of international law 4

2 Ius cogens 7

3 Legal force of international law 8

4 Practice and the legal nature of international law 13

5 The basis of international law 14

6 States as the normal subjects of international law 16

7 Persons other than states as subjects of international law 16

SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 22

8 Meaning of'source' 23

9 The sources of international law 24

10 Custom 25

11 Treaties 31

12 General principles of law 36

13 Decisions of tribunals 41

14 Writings of authors 42

15 Equity 43

16 International organisations and the sources of international law 45

17 International comity and morality 50

RELATION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW 52

18 International law and municipal law:differences of doctrine 53

19 International law and municipal law:the position in various states 54

20 Presumption against conflicts between international and national law 81

21 Municipal law and the fulfilment of international obligations 82

UNIVERSALITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 87

22 Universality of the international community 87

23 Universality of international law 91

CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 96

24 Movement in favour of codification 97

25 Work of the first Hague Peace Conference 99

26 Work of the second Hague Peace Conference 99

27 Codification in the period after the First World War 100

28 Codification under the League of Nations 101

29 The Hague Codification Conference of 1930 102

30 The International Law Commission 103

31 Codification and development of international law 110

32 The revision of international law 114

Part 1 The subjects of international law 117

Chapter 2 International persons 119

SOVEREIGN STATES AS INTERNATIONAL PERSONS 119

33 The concept of international person 119

34 Concept of the state 120

35 States less than sovereign 123

36 Divisibility of sovereignty contested 124

37 The problem of sovereignty in the 20th century 125

RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERNMENTS 126

38 Recognition in general 127

39 Recognition and membership of the international community 128

40 Recognition of states 130

41 Precipitate recognition 143

42 Recognition of new heads and governments of old states 146

43 When coming into power normally and constitutionally 147

44 When coming into power abnormally and in a revolutionary manner 148

45 Criteria for recognition of governments 150

46 De facto recognition 154

47 Consequences of recognition of new states and governments 158

48 Retroactivity of recognition 161

49 Recognition and civil wars:recognition of belligerency and insurgency 161

50 Implied recognition 169

51 Conditional recognition 175

52 Withdrawal of recognition 176

53 Recognition and participation in the United Nations 177

54 The principle of non-recognition 183

55 State practice and non-recognition 186

56 Consequences of non-recognition 197

CHANGES IN THE CONDITION OF STATES 204

57 Changes not affecting states as international persons 204

58 Changes affecting states as international persons 206

59 Extinction of states 206

SUCCESSION OF STATES 208

60 Succession of states 208

61 How far succession takes place 209

62 Absorption or merger 210

63 Dismemberment 219

64 Separation;secession 222

65 Transfer of territory 224

66 Former dependent territories 227

67 Succession of governments,and on the suppression of a revolt 234

68 State succession:recent developments 236

69 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978 237

70 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property,Archives and Debts 1983 240

COMPOSITE INTERNATIONAL PERSONS 245

71 Composite international persons in general 245

72 States in personal union 245

73 States in real union 246

74 Confederated states(Staatenbund) 246

75 Federal states(Bundesstaaten) 248

76 Federal states and the implementation of international obligations 253

77 Customs unions 255

THE COMMONWEALTH 256

78 Progress of self-governing dominions towards independence 257

79 The Commonwealth since 1945 261

80 The legal nature of the Commonwealth 265

STATES UNDER PROTECTION 266

81 States under protection 267

82 International position of states under protection 269

83 Recent and existing protectorates 271

DEPENDENT TERRITORIES 275

84 Colonies 275

85 Non-self-governing territories and the United Nations Charter 282

MANDATED AREAS 295

86 The general features of the mandate system 295

87 National status of the inhabitants 298

88 South West Africa(Namibia) 300

TERRITORIES UNDER THE SYSTEM OF TRUSTEESHIP 308

89 In general 308

90 Territories under the trusteeship system 308

91 The objects of the trusteeship system 309

92 The trusteeship agreements 310

93 Strategic trust areas 313

94 The Trusteeship Council 314

95 Sovereignty over trust territories 316

NEUTRALISED STATES 318

96 Concept of neutralised states 319

97 Switzerland 321

98 Austria 323

THE HOLY SEE 325

99 The former Papal States 325

100 The Italian Law of Guarantee 1871 325

101 The Lateran Treaty 1929 326

102 The status of the Vatican City in international law 327

Chapter 3 Position of the states in international law 330

BASES OF STATEHOOD 330

103 International personality 330

104 The legal bases of statehood 331

105 Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States 1970 333

106 Economic rights and duties of states 335

EQUALITY OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 339

107 Equality an inference from the basis of international law 339

108 Equality of states and international legislation 341

109 Equality of states and immunity from jurisdiction 341

110 Exceptions to jurisdictional immunity 355

111 Equality of states and government action affecting state property 363

112 State equality and recognition of foreign official acts:'act of state' 365

113 Foreign legislation contrary to international law 371

114 State equality and non-discrimination 376

DIGNITY 379

115 Consequences of the dignity of states 379

116 Maritime ceremonials 381

INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL AND PERSONAL AUTHORITY 382

117 Independence,and territorial and personal authority,as aspects of sovereignty 382

118 Consequences of independence and territorial and personal authority 382

119 Violations of independence and territorial and personal authority 385

120 Restrictions upon independence 390

121 Restrictions upon territorial authority 391

122 Subversive activities against other states 393

123 Restrictions upon personal authority 406

124 Abuse of rights 407

125 Protection of the environment 410

SELF-PRESERVATION AND SELF-DEFENCE 416

126 Self-preservation 416

127 The right of self-defence 417

INTERVENTION 427

128 Prohibition of intervention 428

129 Concept and character of intervention 430

130 Assistance on request 435

131 Circumstances which may justify intervention 439

132 Collective intervention in the general interest 447

133 Political aspects of intervention 449

INTERCOURSE 451

134 Intercourse between states 451

135 Rights of intercourse and economic cooperation 452

JURISDICTION 456

136 State jurisdiction in general 456

137 Territorial jurisdiction 458

138 Jurisdiction over citizens abroad 462

139 Jurisdiction over foreigners in foreign states 466

140 The Lotus case 478

141 Jurisdiction at sea and in the air 479

142 Warsaw and Rome Conventions 484

143 Legal cooperation and assistance 484

144 Non-enforcement of foreign public law 488

Chapter 4 Responsibility of states 499

ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN GENERAL 499

145 Nature of state responsibility 500

146 Concept of international wrongs 502

147 States as subjects of international wrongs 503

148 Individuals as subjects of international wrongs 505

149 The basis of responsibility 508

150 Nationality of claims 511

151 Nationality of claims:double nationality 515

152 Nationality of claims:corporations 517

153 Exhaustion of local remedies 522

154 Bar by lapse of time(extinctive prescription) 526

155 Reparation as a consequence of international wrongs 528

156 Penal damages 533

157 Criminal responsibility of states 533

158 International claims 536

STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTS OF STATE ORGANS 539

159 Responsibility varies with organs concerned 540

160 Internationally injurious acts of Heads of States 541

161 Internationally injurious acts of members of governments 542

162 Internationally injurious acts of diplomatic envoys 542

163 Internationally injurious activity of parliaments 542

164 Internationally injurious acts of judicial organs. Denial of justice 543

165 Internationally injurious acts of administrative officials and members of armed forces 545

STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTS OF PRIVATE PERSONS 548

166 State responsibility for acts of private persons 549

167 Responsibility for acts of insurgents and rioters 550