MEASURING DAMAGES IN THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS THE SEARCH FOR HARMONISED PRINCIPLESPDF电子书下载

1: Introduction 1

Ⅰ The Law of Obligations 1

Ⅱ The Law of Damages 3

Ⅲ Desirability of a Harmonised Measure of Damages 7

Ⅳ Possibility of a Harmonised Measure of Damages 9

Ⅴ The Methodology Adopted in this Book 12

Part 1: Remoteness of Damage 15

2: The Present Remoteness Test in Tort 17

Ⅰ Terminology 17

Ⅱ The Foreseeability Criterion in Negligence 17

Ⅲ Damage Versus Risk 20

Ⅳ Degree of Foresight Required 25

Ⅴ The 'Thin Skull' Rule 27

Ⅵ The 'Scope of the Duty' Concept 30

Ⅶ Torts other than Negligence 34

3: The Present Remoteness Test in Contract 37

Ⅰ Hadley v Baxendale 37

Ⅱ Victoria Laundry 38

Ⅲ The Heron II 39

Ⅳ Parsons 40

Ⅴ SAAMCO 41

Ⅵ Brown v KMR Services Ltd 42

Ⅶ Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc 43

Ⅷ The Achilleas 44

Ⅸ Conclusion 47

4: A Uniform Remoteness Test throughout the Common Law 53

Ⅰ Contract and Tort Compared 53

Ⅱ Reforming both Contract and Tort 54

Ⅲ Reforming Tort Only 56

Ⅳ Aligning Contract with Tort 57

A The Fairness Argument 57

B The Efficiency Argument 60

C Objections to the Efficiency Argument 63

i Prohibitive Costs 63

ii Monopoly Situations 63

iii Strategic Dilemma for Reliable Carriers 64

iv Possibility of Menu 65

D Preventing Unreasonable Reliance upon Performance 65

E Contractual Liability is Generally Strict 67

F Conclusion 68

5: Remoteness of Damage in Equity 70

Ⅰ Misapplication of Trust Property 70

Ⅱ Breach of an Equitable Duty of Care and Skill 73

Ⅲ Breach of Fiduciary Duty 75

Part 2: Non-Pecuniary Loss 81

6: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Tort 83

Ⅰ Loss Resulting from Personal Injury 84

Ⅱ Physical Inconvenience or Discomfort 85

Ⅲ Loss of Reputation 85

Ⅳ Mental Distress 87

Ⅴ Bereavement 89

7: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Contract 90

Ⅰ Overview of the Present Law 90

Ⅱ The General Bar to Compensation 90

Ⅲ The Exception for Personal Injury 93

Ⅳ The Exception for Physical Inconvenience 93

Ⅴ The 'Object of the Contract' Exception 95

Ⅵ Loss of Reputation 100

Ⅶ Need for Reform 103

Ⅷ Defensibility of the General Bar to Compensation 104

A Avoiding Punishment 104

B Avoiding Excessive Awards 105

C General Remoteness of Non-Pecuniary Loss 106

D Assumption of Risk 107

E Difficult Assessment 107

F Lower Cost of Contracting 109

G Avoiding a Flood of Claims 110

H Avoiding Bogus Claims 113

Ⅸ Way of Reform 114

8: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Equity 117

Ⅰ Breach of Confidence in Its Core Meaning 117

Ⅱ Breach of Confidence in Its Extended Meaning ('Breach of Privacy') 119

Ⅲ Other Equitable Wrongs 123

Part 3: Contributory Negligence 127

9: Contributory Negligence in Tort 129

Ⅰ The Position Apart From the1945 Act 129

Ⅱ The Ambit of the 1945 Act 131

Ⅲ Causation 135

Ⅳ The Claimant's Fault 137

Ⅴ Damage 138

Ⅵ Apportionment 141

10: Contributory Negligence in Contract 145

Ⅰ The Position apart from the 1945 Act 145

Ⅱ The Impact of the 1945 Act—Overview 146

Ⅲ Breach of a Duty of Care Co-Extensive in Contract and Tort 148

Ⅳ Breach of a Purely Contractual Duty of Care 151

Ⅴ Strict Contractual Liability—The Present Law 153

Ⅵ Need for Apportionment in Cases of Strict Liability 155

A Resorting to Causation Doctrine 156

B Resorting to Remoteness Doctrine 158

C Resorting to Mitigation Doctrine 159

Ⅶ Defensibility of Denying Apportionment in Cases of Strict Liability 162

A No Duty to Supervise the Defendant 162

B Distribution of Blame is Difficult 164

C Uncertainty 165

D Inequalities of Bargaining Power 166

Ⅷ Way of Reform 167

11: Contributory Negligence in Equity 169

Part 4: Gain-Based Relief 175

12: The Present Law of 'Restitution for Wrongs' 177

Ⅰ Terminology 177

Ⅱ The Inclusion of Hypothetical-Fee Awards 179

Ⅲ Equity 182

A Breach of Fiduciary Duty 182

B Breach of Confidence Including Breach of Privacy 185

Ⅳ Tort 188

A Historical Development 188

B Wrongful Interference with Goods 190

C Trespass to Land 191

D Intellectual Property Wrongs 194

E Nuisance 197

F Deceit and Fraud 200

Ⅴ Contract 203

A Hypothetical-Fee Award ('Wrotham Park Damages') 203

B Account of Profits ('Blake Damages') 206

13: The Proper Scope of 'Restitution for Wrongs' 209

Ⅰ Existing Theories 209

A Birks 210

B Edelman 210

C Friedmann 211

D Jackman 212

E Jaffey 212

F Tettenborn 213

G Weinrib 213

H Worthington 214

Ⅱ The Significance of Exclusive Entitlements 215

Ⅲ Exclusive Entitlements Erga Omnes 218

A Tangible and Intangible Property 219

B Bodily Integrity 222

C Reputation 223

D Informational Rights 224

Ⅳ Exclusive Entitlements Inter Partes 226

A Contractual Right to Have Property Transferred 227

i Land and Intangible Property 227

ii Specific Chattel 229

iii Generic Goods 231

B Contractual Right to Be Treated As the Owner of Certain Property 233

C Contractual Right to Someone Else's 'Labour Power'? 235

D Right to the Loyalty of One's Fiduciary 237

Ⅴ Situations in Which 'Restitution for Wrongs' is Inappropriate 239

A Deceit 239

B Skimped Contractual Performance 240

Ⅵ Exclusive-Entitlement Theory and Present Law Compared 242

Part 5: Exemplary Damages 245

14: The Present Law of Exemplary Damages 247

Ⅰ Terminology 247

Ⅱ Rookes v Barnard 248

Ⅲ Abuse of Power by Civil Servants 250

A Conduct Required 250

B Status of the Defendant 252

C Criticism 253

Ⅳ Profit-Seeking Behaviour 254

A Fields of Application 255

B Criticism 256

Ⅴ Statutory Authorisation 257

Ⅵ The 'Cause of Action' Test 259

Ⅶ Exemplary Damages in Contract 260

Ⅷ Exemplary Damages in Equity 261

Ⅸ Need for Reform 263

15: Objective of Exemplary Damages 264

Ⅰ Penalising Reprehensible Behaviour 264

Ⅱ Fostering Efficient Deterrence 265

A Correction for Undercompensation 265

B Correction for Underenforcement 267

C Correction for Court Errors 269

D Offsetting Illicit Benefits and Exceptional Costs 271

E Encouraging Negotiations about the Use of Rights 272

F Conclusion 272

16: Defensibility of Confining Exemplary Damages to Tort 273

Ⅰ Defensibility of Banning Exemplary Damages from Contract 273

A Theory of Efficient Breach 273

B Objections to the Theory of Efficient Breach 274

C Relevance of the Theory of Efficient Breach 276

D Inducement of Breach 277

E Cost of Contracting 277

F Crucial Differences between Contract and Tort 278

G Conclusion 280

Ⅱ Defensibility of Banning Exemplary Damages from Equity 280

A Is Punishment a Traditional Objective of Equity? 281

B Should Exemplary Damages be Available in Equity? 282