Textbook on CriminologyPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction 1

2 Definitions, Terminology and the Criminal Process 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 The judicial process 2

2.3 Formal sources of criminal law 7

2.4 Underlying influences 7

2.5 Defining a crime 11

2.6 Enforcement of criminal laws 29

2.7 The criminal 37

2.8 Terminology and classification 38

2.9 Appeals 39

2.10 Limits of prosecution 40

2.11 Evi-dence 42

2.12 Punishment 42

3 Public Conceptions and Misconceptions of Crime 46

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Popular and media perceptions of crime 47

3.3 Effects of media on public perceptions of crime 55

3.4 Two unperceived areas of crime 60

4 The Extent of Crime:A Comparison of Official and Unofficial Calculations 76

4.1 Official statistics 76

4.2 Comparative problems with official statistics 81

4.3 The dark figure of crime 83

4.4 Conclusion 95

5 Victims, Victimisations and Victimology 98

5.1 Introduction 98

5.2 Theextent of the problem 102

5.3 Who is at risk and why? 104

5.4 Who fears crime? 111

5.5 Support and services for victims 114

5.6 Victim precipitation and lifestyle 126

5.7 Conclusion 130

6 Influences of Physical Factors and Genetics on Criminality 140

6.1 Introduction 140

6.2 Early constitutional or biological theories 141

6.3 Lombroso 142

6.4 After Lombroso 145

6.5 Somatotypes and criminality 148

6.6 Genetic factors 149

6.7 Conclusion 163

7 Influences of Biochemical Factors and of the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems on Criminality 168

7.1 Biochemical factors 168

7.2 Nutritionally induced biochemical imbalances 177

7.3 Criminality and the central nervous system 182

7.4 Criminality and the autonomic nervous system 187

7.5 Conclusion 189

7.6 Postscript on biology and crime 192

8 Psychological Theories of Criminality 197

8.1 Introduction 197

8.2 Psychoanalysis and criminality 198

8.3 The normal criminal personality 206

8.4 Assessment of dangerousness and criminality 219

8.5 Conclusions 234

9 Mental Disorder and Criminality 240

9.1 Introduction 240

9.2 Legal ideas of mental disorder 241

9.3 Medical ideas of mental illness 250

9.4 Psychopathy 256

9.5 Self-induced mental incapacity 259

9.6 Conclusion 266

10 Intelligence and Learning 272

10.1 Intelligence and crime 272

10.2 Learning 283

10.3 Conclusion 298

11 The Sociology of Criminality 305

11.1 Introduction 305

11.2 The ecology of crime 309

11.3 Poverty and unem-ployment 324

11.4 Lower-class culture 329

11.5 Conclusion 335

12 Anomie, Strain and Juvenile Subculture 343

12.1 Anomie and criminality 343

12.2 Strain and relative deprivation 351

12.3 Subcultural theories of juvenile deviance 354

12.4 Matza and Sykes 362

12.5 Conclusion 366

13 Control Theories 370

13.1 Introduction 370

13.2 Early control theories 371

13.3 Individual control 372

13.4 Sociological control theories 376

13.5 Control balance 379

13.6 Facilitat-ing and choosing criminality 382

13.7 Community based origins of conformity 383

13.8 Official or institutional control agents 393

13.9 Evaluation of control theories 402

14 Labelling, Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology 411

14.1 Introduction 411

14.2 Labelling or interactionism 413

14.3 Phenomen-ology and ethnomethodology 425

14.4 Left idealism 432

15 Conflict Theories and Radical Criminologies 438

15.1 Introduction 438

15.2 Conflict theories 439

15.3 Radical criminology 453

15.4 Conclusion 457

16 Criminology and Realism 462

16.1 The birth of realism 462

16.2 Right realism 464

16.3 Left realism 469

17 Positivist Explanations of Female Criminality 490

17.1 Introduction 490

17.2 Biological, hormonal and psychological theories 491

17.3 Learning theories 503

17.4 Sex role theories 504

17.5 Strain theories 508

17.6 Control theories 509

17.7 Conclusion 511

18 Women's Liberation and Feminist Theories 516

18.1 Introduction 516

18.2 Female liberation 517

18.3 Feminist theories 526

18.4 Conclusion 535

19 Envoi 541

Index 545