CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW：A CONCISE INTRODUCTIONPDF电子书下载

PART I THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1

1 The Development of International Law 7

The Middle Ages 7

The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 8

The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 9

Early Writers on International Law 11

The Nineteenth Century 12

2 Nature and Foundation of International Law 15

The Need for Law 15

Law and Politics 16

Is International Law “Real” Law？ 17

The Foundation of International Law 18

States and the Foundation of International Law 20

Why Do States Obey International Law？ 21

3 International and Other Law 23

Types of Law 23

The Monist and Dualist Views 24

State Practice Regarding Different Types of Law 25

The Practice of International Tribunals 26

Relationship between Municipal Laws of Different States 27

4 The Creation of International Law： Methods and Principles 33

The Origin 33

Treaties 36

Custom 38

General Principles of Law 41

Equity 42

5 The Creation of International Law： Men and Institutions 47

States 47

International Organizations 48

Legal Agencies 51

Individuals 52

Courts 53

References and Readings for Part 1 55

Sociology of Law 55

New States 55

Changing International Society 56

Politics， Power， and Law 57

Theories of Law 58

Binding Force of Law 58

Relations between International and Municipal Law 58

Conflict between International and Municipal Law 59

Sources of International Law： General 59

Sources of International Law： Treaties 59

Sources of International Law： Custom 60

Sources of International Law： General Principles 60

Sources of International Law： Equity 60

Sources of International Law： International Organizations 61

Sources of International Law： Individuals 62

Sources of International Law： Courts and Tribunals 62

PART 2 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CAPACITY 63

6 Subjects of International Law 65

States 65

Recognition 67

Public International Organizations 69

Insurgents and Liberation Movements 71

Corporations 73

Multinational Corporations 74

Individuals 77

References and Readings for Part 2 81

States 81

Small States 82

Recognition 82

International Organizations 82

Insurgents and Liberation Movements 83

Corporations 83

Individuals 84

PART 3 INHERENT LEGAL QUALITIES OF SUBJECTS 85

7 The Status of States 87

Sovereignty 87

Equality 89

Nonintervention 91

Sovereign Immunity of States 95

The Trend Regarding Sovereignty 97

8 The Organs of Subjects and Their Protection 101

The Problem of Juridic Persons 101

Organs of States 102

Organs of International Organizations 104

Types of Protection 105

The Protected Entities 106

References and Readings for Part 3 111

Sovereignty 111

Equality 111

Nonintervention 112

Act of State 113

Organs of States 113

Organs of International Organizations 113

PART 4 THE JURISDICTION OF STATES 115

9 Temporal Jurisdiction 119

The Birth of States 119

The Identity or Continuity of States 120

The Death of States 122

The Principle of Succession of States 123

Types of Succession of States 125

10 Extent of Spatial Jurisdiction 129

Sovereignty and Spatial Jurisdiction 129

The Content of Spatial Jurisdiction 131

The Frontiers of Territorial Jurisdiction 135

The Frontiers of Air and Outer Space Jurisdiction 136

Jurisdiction over Territorial Waters 137

Jurisdiction in Special Zones 141

The Jurisdictional Frontiers of the Continental Shelf 142

The Jurisdictional Frontiers in the High Seas 143

Jurisdiction over Polar Regions 144

11 Acquisition and Loss of Spatial Sovereignty and Jurisdiction 145

Original Sovereignty and Jurisdiction 145

Acquisition of Territory through Natural Events 145

Occupation 146

Prescription 147

Cession 147

Subjugation or Conquest 147

Treaty 148

Loss of Sovereignty and Jurisdiction 148

12 Acquisition and Loss of Personal Jurisdiction 149

The Meaning of Personal Jurisdiction 149

Acquisition of Personal Jurisdiction 150

Loss of Personal Jurisdiction 151

Personal Jurisdiction over Juridic Persons 152

13 Material Jurisdiction of States 153

Meaning 153

The Limit of Material Jurisdiction 154

The Protective Principle 156

Universal Material Jurisdiction 157

References and Readings for Part 4 161

Jurisdiction and Sovereignty 161

Birth and Death of States 161

Succession 162

Spatial Jurisdiction： General 162

Protection of Environment 162

Land Frontiers 164

Frontiers in Airspace 164

Territorial Waters and Law of the Sea 165

Special Zones 166

Continental Shelf 166

High Seas 166

Arctic Regions 167

Acquisition and Loss of Spatial Jurisdiction 168

Acquisition and Loss of Personal Jurisdiction 168

Material Jurisdiction 168

Terrorism 169

PART 5 PERSONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 171

14 The Law of Aliens 175

Admission 175

The Standard of Treatment and Its Enforcement 177

Aliens as Subjects of Municipal Law 182

The Protection of an Alien’s Private Rights 183

The Special Case of Concessions 186

The Special Case of Nationalization 187

The Protection of an Alien’s Personal Rights 188

Extradition and Asylum 189

15 The International Law of Nationals 193

The National， the Forgotten Man 193

Beginnings of International Protection 193

Human Rights 194

Self-Determination of Peoples 197

References and Readings for Part 5 203

Individuals： General 203

Alien Natural and Juridic Persons： Diplomatic Protection 203

Denial of Justice 204

Aliens： Private Rights and Expropriation 204

Aliens： Government Contracts 205

Aliens： Nationalization of Property 205

Aliens： Personal Rights 205

Aliens： Extradition and Asylum 205

Nationals and Human Rights 206

Self-Determination and Neocolonialism 207

PART 6 INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS WITH LEGAL CONSEQUENCES 209

16 Unilateral Transactions 213

Nature of Transactions 213

Recognition 214

Notification 214

Declarations 214

Promises 214

Protest 215

Renunciation 215

Interdependent Unilateral Transactions 216

17 Multilateral Actions （Treaties） 217

Value of Treaties 217

The Nature of Treaties 218

Capacity and Authority to Conclude Treaties 219

Consent 221

Reservations， Amendments， Modifications 222

Object and Purpose 224

Entry into Force 224

Interpretation 225

Termination and Suspension of Treaties 228

Consequences of Invalidity， Termination， Suspension 230

18 Responsibility of Subjects 233

The Principle 233

Controversial Aspects of the Principle 234

The Forms of Injury 238

The Subjects and Objects of Responsibility 238

Responsibility for the Subject’s Organs 240

The Behavior Creating Responsibility 241

Responsibility for Private Persons 242

Conditions Excluding Responsibility 243

Amends 244

Procedure 245

Expanding and Contracting Claims 248

Responsibility of International Organizations 248

References and Readings for Part 6 251

General Principles 251

Unilateral Actions 251

Nature of Treaties 252

Capacity and Authority To Conclude Treaties 252

Consent to Treaties 253

Reservations to Treaties 253

Ius Cogens and Treaty Objects 253

Entry into Force of Treaties 254

Interpretation of Treaties 254

Suspension and Termination of Treaties 254

State Responsibility： General 255

Responsibility for Hazardous Action 255

Criminal Liability of States 255

Subjects and Objects of State Liability 256

State Responsibility for Treatment of Aliens 256

Responsibility of International Organizations 256

Special Responsibilities of States 256

PART 7 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 259

19 Political Cooperation 265

Cooperation as a Legal Obligation 265

Differing Views on the Law 266

20 Economic Cooperation 271

The Roots 271

Existing Law 272

The Future of Economic Cooperative Law 273

References and Readings for Part 7 279

Political Cooperation 279

Economic Cooperation 279

Economic Development 280

Economic Discrimination 281

PART 8 THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES 283

21 Applicability of Methods for Pacific Settlement 285

Political versus Legal Methods 285

What Are International Disputes？ 286

The Choice of Methods 288

22 Settlement Not Involving Decisions by Third Parties 291

Negotiation 291

Good Offices 292

Mediation 293

Enquiry 294

Conciliation 295

23 Settlement Involving Decisions by Third Parties 297

Arbitration 297

Adjudication 298

References and Readings for Part 8 303

Legal Character of Disputes 303

Settlement Not Involving Third-Party Decisions 303

Settlement Involving Third-Party Decisions 304

PART 9 THE USE OF FORCE 305

24 Conditions for the Legal Use of Force 311

Reprisal 311

Self-Defense 314

Self-Preservation 317

War 319

25 Regulation of the Application of Force 325

General Principles 325

Weapons and Methods 327

Use of Force Short of War 328

26 The Position of Third States Uninvolved in the Use of Force 329

In Peacetime 329

In Wartime 330

References and Readings for Part 9 335

Legality 335

Reprisal 335

Self-Defense 336

Aggression 336

War， Civil War， Liberation War 336

Humanizing War 337

New Weapons and Technology 338

Neutrality 338

PART 10 THE DYNAMIC CHARACTER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 341

Appendix A Digest of Cases 347

The Paquete Habana； The Lola 347

The S.S.“Lotus 348

The Island of Palmas Case 350

Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations 351

The Corfu Channel Case 353

Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 355

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases 357

Nuclear Test Case 361

Appendix B Cases Cited 363

Selected Bibliography 369

Index 373