CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY CONTEXT AND CONSEQUENCES 5TH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1. The Context and Consequences of Theory 1

Theory in Social Context 3

Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences 5

Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book 7

Inventing Criminology: Mainstream Theories 8

Social Turmoil and the Rise of Critical Theories 10

Criminological Theory in the Conservative Era 11

Criminological Theory in the 21st Century 12

Conclusion 13

2. The Search for the"Criminal Man" 15

Spiritualism 17

The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator 20

The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined 22

The Birth of the Positivist School: Lombroso'sTheory of the Criminal Man 23

Lombroso's Legacy: The Italian Criminological Tradition 25

The Continuing Search for the Individual Roots of Crime 29

The Consequence of Theory: Policy Implications 33

The Positivist School and the Control of the Biological Criminal 33

The Positivist School and Criminal Justice Reform 35

Conclusion 37

3. Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School 39

The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context 40

Shaw and McKay's Theory of Juvenile Delinquency 42

Burgess's Concentric Zone Theory 42

Disorganization and Delinquency 44

Transmission of Criminal Values 45

The Empirical Status of Social Disorganization Theory 45

Summary 46

Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association 47

Differential Social Organization 47

Differential Association 48

Theoretical Applications 49

The Chicago School's Criminological Legacy 50

Collective Efficacy 51

Cultural Deviance Theory 53

Akers's Social Learning Theory 56

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications 58

Change the Individual 58

Change the Community 58

Conclusion 59

4. Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories 61

Merton's Strain Theory 63

America as a Criminogenic Society 63

Strain Theory in Context 67

Status Discontent and Delinquency 69

Delinquent Boys 69

Delinquency and Opportunity 70

The Criminological Legacy of Strain Theory 72

Assessing Strain Theory 72

Agnew's General Strain Theory 74

Crime and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory 78

The Future of Strain Theory 82

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications 83

Expand Opportunities 83

Taming the American Dream 85

Conclusion 86

5. Society as Insulation: The Origins of Control Theory 88

Forerunners of Control Theory 90

Durkheim's Anomie Theory 90

The Influence of the Chicago School 92

Early Control Theories 93

Reiss's Theory of Personal and Social Controls 94

Nye's Family-Focused Theory of Social Controls 95

Reckless's Containment Theory 96

The Social Psychology of the Self 97

Pushes and Pulls 98

Factors in Outer Containment 99

Factors in Inner Containment 99

Summary 101

Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory 102

Techniques of Neutralization 103

Drift Theory 105

Control Theory in Context 106

The Context of the 1950s 106

The Context of the 1960s 107

6. The Complexity of Control: Hirschi's Two Theories and Beyond 109

Hirschi's First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquency 110

Hirschi's Forerunners 111

Hirschi's Sociological Perspective 112

Why Social Control Matters 114

The Four Social Bonds 115

Assessing Social Bond Theory 119

Hirschi's Second Theory: Self-Control and Crime 121

Self-Control and Crime 121

Assessing Self-Control Theory 122

Self-Control and Social Bonds 125

Hirschi's Revised Social Control Theory 126

The Complexity of Control 128

Hagan's Power-Control Theory 129

Tittle's Control Balance Theory 130

Colvin's Differential Coercion Theory 133

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications 135

Conclusion 137

7. The Irony of State Intervention: Labeling Theory 139

The Social Construction of Crime 140

Labeling as Criminogenic: Creating Career Criminals 143

Early Statements of Labeling Theory 143

Labeling as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy 145

Assessing Labeling Theory 147

Labeling Theory in Context 152

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications 153

Decriminalization 153

Diversion 154

Due Process 155

Deinstitutionalization 156

Extending Labeling Theory 156

Braithwaite's Theory of Shaming and Crime 157

Sherman's Defiance Theory 158

Rose and Clear's Coerced Mobility Theory 159

Policy Implications: Restorative Justice and Prisoner Reentry 161

Conclusion 165

8. Social Power and the Construction of Crime: Conflict Theory 166

Forerunners of Conflict Theory 167

Marx and Engels: Capitalism and Crime 167

Simmel: Forms of Conflict 168

Bonger: Capitalism and Crime 169

Sutherland and Sellin: Culture Conflict and Crime 170

Void: Conflict and Crime 171

Theory in Context: The Turmoil of the 1960s 172

Varieties of Conflict Theory 173

Turk: The Criminalization Process 174

Chambliss: Crime, Power, and Legal Process 179

Quinney: Social Reality, Capitalism, and Crime 185

Conflict Theory and the Causes of Crime 192

Consequences of Conflict Theory 193

Marxist Approach 195

Peacemaking Criminology 197

Conclusion 198

9. New Directions in Critical Theory 199

Modernity and Postmodernity 200

Postmodern Criminological Thought: The End of Grand Narratives? 202

Looking Back at Early British and European Influences 204

Background: The New Criminology 204

Theoretical Arguments 205

Critique of the New Criminology 206

Early Left Realism 207

The Theory 207

Consequences of New Criminology/Left Realism 209

The New Criminology Revisited 210

Left Realism Today 213

The New European Criminology 217

Contributions and Context 217

Abolitionism 218

Consequences of Abolitionism 220

The Inportance of Other Voices: Jock Young 220

Cultural Criminology 221

Late Modernity and Globalization: Contextual Changes 221

Consequences of Cultural Criminology 223

Convict Criminology 226

Background: Primarily an American Contribution 226

Consequences of the "New School of Convict Criminology" 227

Conclusion 229

10. The Gendering of Criminology: Feminist Theory 230

Background 231

Prefeminist Pioneers and Themes 232

Cesare Lombroso 233

W. I. Thomas 233

Sigmund Freud 235

Otto Pollak 236

The Emergence of New Questions: Bringing Women In 236

The Second Wave: From Women's Emancipation to Patriarchy 238

Women's Emancipation and Crime 238

Patriarchy and Crime 240

Varieties of Feminist Thought 240

Early Feminist Perspectives 240

Contemporary Feminist Perspectives 242

The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender 242

Masculinities and Crime: Doing Gender 247

Gendering Criminology 249

Gendered Pathways to Lawbreaking 249

Gendered Crime 249

Gendered Lives 250

Postmodernist Feminism and the Third Wave 251

Consequences of the Diversity of Feminist Perspectives 253

Some Implications of Feminist Criminology for Corrections 256

Conclusion 259

11. Crimes of the Powerful: Theories of White-Collar Crime 260

The Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Edwin H. Sutherland 264

The Philadelphia Address 265

Becoming the Father of White-Collar Crime 268

Defining White-Collar Crime 270

Explaining White-Collar Crime 274

Organizational Culture 277

Unethical Cultures 277

Oppositional Cultures 279

The Normalization of Deviance 280

Organizational Strain and Opportunity 282

Strain and Anomie 283

Criminogenic Opportunities 284

Deciding to Offend 285

Denying the Guilty Mind 286

White-Collar Crime as a Rational Choice 288

State-Corporate Crime 290

Consequences of White-Collar Crime Theory: Policy Implications 291

Conclusion 293

12. Bringing Punishment Back In: Conservative Criminology 295

Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s 297

The Economic Decline of the United States 297

The Persistence of Inequality in the United States 298

The Rhetoric of Stability 300

The Legacy of the Conservative Political Agenda 304

Varieties of Conservative Theory 306

Crime and Human Nature: Wilson and Herrnstein 307

The Theory 307

Assessing Crime and Human Nature 309

Crime and The Bell Curve: Herrnstein and Murray 311

The Criminal Mind 313

Choosing to Be Criminal: Crime Pays 315

Crime and Moral Poverty 316

Broken Windows: The Tolerance of Public Disorganization 319

Consequences of Conservative Theory: Policy Implications 322

Conclusion 326

13. Choosing Crime in Everyday Life: Routine Activityand Rational Choice Theories 328

Routine Activity Theory: Opportunities and Crime 329

The Chemistry for Crime: Offenders, Targets, and Guardians 332

View of Offenders 335

Policy Implications: Reducing Opportunities for Crime 336

Rational Choice Theory 341

Rational Choice and Crime 341

Are Offenders' Choices Rational? 343

Perceptual Deterrence Theory 346

Conclusion 350

14. The Search for the"Criminal Man" Revisited: Biosocial Theories 351

Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Revisited 355

Theoretical Diversity 355

Assessment 356

Neuroscience: Neurological and Biochemical Theories 357

Mednick's Biosocial Theory 358

Brain Development and Crime 359

Biochemical Theories 361

Genetics 364

Behavior Genetics 365

Molecular Genetics 365

Epigenetics 367

Biological Risk and Protective Factors 368

Risk Factors 368

Protective Factors 371

Environmental Toxins 372

The Consequences of Biological Theories: Policy Implications 374

An Agenda for Research and Policy 374

Prevention and Treatment 376

The Construction of Crime 377

Challenges Ahead 380

Conclusion 382

15. The Development of Criminals: Life-Course Theories 384

Integrated Theories of Crime 387

Integrated Theorizing 388

Elliott and Colleagues' Integrated Strain-Control Paradigm 388

Thornberry's Interactional Theory 390

Policy Implications 393

Life-Course Criminology: Continuity and Change 393

Criminology in Crisis: Gottfredson and Hirschi Revisited 394

Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental Model 396

Early-Onset Delinquency 396

Late-Onset Delinquency 397

Intervening With Families 398

Moffitt's Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory 398

Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior 400

Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Behavior 401

Assessing Moffitt's Theory 402

Sampson and Laub: Social Bond Theory Revisited 403

An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control 404

Assessing Sampson and Laub's Life-Course Theory 406

Revising the Age-Graded Theory of Crime 407

Rethinking Crime: Cognitive Theories of Desistance 409

Maruna's Theory of Redemption Scripts 410

Giordano et al.'s Theory of Cognitive Transformation 411

The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications 413

Conclusion 415

References 417

Photo Credits 463

Name Index 464

Subject Index 475

About the Authors 488