Human rights and humanitarian norms as customary lawPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Ⅰ.Humanitarian Instruments as Customary Law 3

Ⅰ.The Importance of a Norm's Customary Character 3

Ⅱ.Reservations to Humanitarian and Human Rights Instruments and Customary Law 10

Ⅲ.The Nicaragua Judgment 25

Ⅳ.The Antecedents to Nicaragua 37

Ⅴ.Geneva Conventions:Assessing Practice,Opinio Juris,and Violations 41

Ⅵ.Additional Protocols of 1977 62

A.Protocol Ⅰ 62

B.Protocol Ⅱ 71

C.Observations on Both Protocols 74

Ⅱ.Human Rights Instruments and Customary Law 79

Ⅰ.The Quest for Universality 79

Ⅱ.The International Court of Justice and Customary Human Rights 106

Ⅲ.Customary Human Rights in Selected National Courts 114

Ⅲ.Responsibility of States for Violations of Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms 136

Ⅰ.Mapping Recourse Options 136

Ⅱ.Acts of State,Imputability,Private Acts 155

Ⅲ.Exhaustion of Local Remedies 171

Ⅳ.Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result 182

Ⅴ.Obligations Erga Omnes 188

Ⅵ.Judicial Remedies:Is Damage a Condition for State Responsibility? 201

Ⅶ.Violations as International Crimes and International Delicts 208

Ⅷ.State of Necessity and Derogations 215

Ⅸ.Responsibility for Violations of International Humanitarian Law:Special Problems 222

Ⅹ.The Relationship between Remedies in Human Rights Treaties and other Remedies 229

Ⅺ.Countermeasures,Non-Judicial Remedies 233

Concluding Remarks 246

Index 249