THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CLINICALLY ORIENTED EMBRYOLOGY 9TH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction to the Developing Human 1

Developmental Periods 1

Significance of Embryology 5

Historical Gleanings 6

Ancient Views of Human Embryology 6

Embryology in the Middle Ages 6

The Renaissance 7

Genetics and Human Development 8

Molecular Biology of Human Development 10

Descriptive Terms in Embryology 10

Clinically Oriented Problems 10

2 First Week of Human Development 13

Gametogenesis 14

Meiosis 14

Spermatogenesis 14

Oogenesis 19

Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes 19

Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes 19

Comparison of Gametes （Sex Cells） 19

Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries 19

Uterus 19

Uterine Tubes 20

Ovaries 20

Female Reproductive Cycles 20

Ovarian Cycle 23

Follicular Development 23

Ovulation 24

Corpus Luteum 25

Menstrual Cycle 26

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle 26

Transportation of Gametes 27

Oocyte Transport 27

Sperm Transport 27

Maturation of Sperms 28

Viability of Gametes 29

Fertilization 30

Phases of Fertilization 30

Fertilization 31

Cleavage of Zygote 32

Formation of Blastocyst 35

Summary of First Week 37

Clinically Oriented Problems 38

3 Second Week of Human Development 41

Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst 41

Formation of Amniotic Cavity, EmbryonicDisc, and Umbilical Vesicle 43

Development of Chorionic Sac 44

Implantation Sites of Blastocysts 48

Summary of Implantation 48

Summary of Second Week 51

Clinically Oriented Problems 51

4 Third Week of Human Development 53

Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers 54

Primitive Streak 54

Fate of Primitive Streak 56

Notochordal Process and Notochord 57

Allantois 58

Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube 61

Neural Plate and Neural Tube 61

Neural Crest Formation 61

Development of Somites 63

Development of Intraembonic Coelom 64

Early Development of Cardiovascular System 64

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis 64

Primordial Cardiovascular System 64

Development of Chorionic Villi 65

Summary of Third Week 66

Clinically Oriented Problems 69

5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development 71

Phases of Embryonic Development 71

Folding of Embryo 72

Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane 72

Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane 72

Germ Layer Derivatives 72

Control of Embryonic Development 74

Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks 76

Fourth Week 76

Fifth Week 77

Sixth Week 77

Seventh Week 80

Eighth Week 86

Estimation of Embryonic Age 89

Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks 89

Clinically Oriented Problems 90

6 Ninth Week to Birth: The Fetal Period 93

Estimation of Fetal Age 95

Trimesters of Pregnancy 95

Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses 95

Highlights of Fetal Period 96

Nine to Twelve Weeks 96

Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks 97

Seventeen to Twenty Weeks 98

Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks 98

Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks 99

Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks 99

Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks 99

Expected Date of Delivery 101

Factors Influencing Fetal Growth 101

Cigarette Smoking 101

Multiple Pregnancy 101

Alcohol and Illicit Drugs 101

Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow 102

Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation 102

Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status 102

Ultrasonography 102

Diagnostic Amniocentesis 102

Alpha- Fetoprotein Assay 103

Spectrophotometric Studies 103

Chorionic Villus Sampling 104

Sex Chromatin Patterns 104

Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis 104

Fetal Transfusion 104

Fetoscopy 105

Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling 105

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 105

Fetal Monitoring 105

Summary of Fetal Period 105

Clinically Oriented Problems 106

7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes 109

Placenta 109

Decidua 110

Development of Placenta 110

Placental Circulation 113

Placental Membrane 114

Functions of Placenta 116

Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion 119

Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure 120

Uterine Growth during Pregnancy 121

Parturition 121

Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth 123

Maternal Surface of Placenta 123

Fetal Surface of Placenta 123

Umbilical Cord 126

Amnion and Amniotic Fluid 127

Umbilical Vesicle 132

Significance of Umbilical Vesicle 132

Fate of Umbilical Vesicle 132

Allantois 132

Multiple Pregnancies 133

Twins and Fetal Membranes 133

Dizygotic Twins 134

Monozygotic Twins 134

Other Types of Multiple Births 138

Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes 141

Clinically Oriented Problems 142

8 Body Cavities and Diaphragm 145

Embryonic Body Cavity 145

Mesenteries 148

Division of Embryonic Body Cavity 149

Development of the Diaphragm 151

Septum Transversum 151

Pleuroperitoneal Membranes 151

Dorsal Mesentery of the Esophagus 152

Muscular Ingrowth from the Lateral Body Walls 152

Positional Changes and Innervation of the Diaphragm 152

Summary of Development of the Body Cavities and Diaphragm 157

Clinically Oriented Problems 157

9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck 159

Pharyngeal Arches 159

Pharyngeal Arch Components 161

Pharyngeal Pouches 162

Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches 166

Pharyngeal Grooves 169

Pharyngeal Membranes 169

Development of Thyroid Gland 173

Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland 174

Development of Tongue 176

Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds 177

Nerve Supply of Tongue 177

Development of Salivary Glands 179

Development of Face 179

Summary of Facial Development 186

Development of Nasal Cavities 186

Paranasal Sinuses 187

Development of Palate 188

Primary Palate 188

Secondary Palate 188

Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck 196

Clinically Oriented Problems 197

10 Respiratory System 199

Respiratory Primordium 199

Development of Larynx 200

Development of Trachea 202

Development of Bronchi and Lungs 204

Maturation of Lungs 206

Summary of Respiratory System 210

Clinically Oriented Problems 210

11 Alimentary System 213

Foregut 214

Development of Esophagus 214

Development of Stomach 215

Omental Bursa 215

Development of Duodenum 219

Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus 221

Development of Pancreas 223

Development of Spleen 225

Midgut 227

Herniation of Midgut Loop 227

Rotation of Midgut Loop 227

Retraction of Intestinal Loops 227

Cecum and Appendix 230

Hindgut 238

Cloaca 238

Anal Canal 240

Summary of Alimentary System 243

Clinically Oriented Problems 243

12 Urogenital System 245

Development of Urinary System 247

Development of Kidneys and Ureters 247

Development of Urinary Bladder 259

Development of Urethra 264

Development of Suprarenal Glands 264

Development of Genital System 265

Development of Gonads 265

Development of Genital Ducts 269

Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands 269

Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands 271

Development of Vagina 271

Development of External Genitalia 273

Development of Male External Genitalia 273

Development of Female External Genitalia 275

Development of Inguinal Canals 282

Relocation of Testes and Ovaries 284

Testicular Descent 284

Ovarian Descent 284

Summary of Urogenital System 285

Clinically Oriented Problems 286

13 Cardiovascular System 289

Early Development of the Heart and Blood Vessels 290

Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart 290

Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries 295

Later Development of the Heart 295

Circulation through the Primordial Heart 298

Partitioning of Primordial Heart 300

Changes in Sinus Venosus 304

Conducting System of Heart 312

Birth Defects of the Heart and Great Vessels 313

Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 324

Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 324

Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 324

Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 325

Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 325

Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 325

Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 327

Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects 327

Fetal and Neonatal Circulation 333

Fetal Circulation 333

Transitional Neonatal Circulation 333

Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures 337

Development of Lymphatic System 339

Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts 339

Development of Thoracic Duct 340

Development of Lymph Nodes 340

Development of Lymphocytes 340

Development of Spleen and Tonsils 340

Summary of Cardiovascular System 340

Clinically Oriented Problems 341

14 Skeletal System 343

Development of Bone and Cartilage 343

Histogenesis of Cartilage 345

Histogenesis of Bone 345

Membranous Ossification 345

Enclochondral Ossification 346

Development of Joints 346

Fibrous Joints 346

Cartilaginous Joints 348

Synovial Joints 348

Development of Axial Skeleton 348

Development of Vertebral Column 348

Development of Ribs 350

Development of Sternum 351

Development of Cranium 351

Cranium of Neonate 351

Postnatal Growth of Cranium 352

Development of Appendicular Skeleton 357

Summary of Skeletal System 360

Clinically Oriented Problems 360

15 Muscular System 363

Development of Skeletal Muscle 363

Myotomes 365

Pharyngeal Arch Muscles 366

Ocular Muscles 366

Tongue Muscles 366

Limb Muscles 366

Development of Smooth Muscle 366

Development of Cardiac Muscle 367

Summary of Muscular System 369

Clinically Oriented Problems 369

16 Development of Limbs 371

Early Stages of Limb Development 371

Final Stages of Limb Development 375

Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs 375

Blood Supply of Limbs 380

Birth Defects of Limbs 382

Summary of Limb Development 386

Clinically Oriented Problems 386

17 Nervous System 389

Development of Nervous System 389

Development of Spinal Cord 392

Development of Spinal Ganglia 394

Development of Meninges 394

Positional Changes of Spinal Cord 395

Myelination of Nerve Fibers 398

Birth Defects of Spinal Cord 398

Development of Brain 404

Brain Flexures 404

Hindbrain 404

Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid 406

Midbrain 407

Forebrain 408

Birth Defects of Brain 414

Development of Peripheral Nervous System 423

Spinal Nerves 423

Cranial Nerves 424

Development of Autonomic Nervous System 425

Sympathetic Nervous System 425

Parasympathetic Nervous System 426

Summary of Nervous System 426

Clinically Oriented Problems 426

18 Development of Eyes and Ears 429

Development of Eyes and Related Structures 429

Development of Retina 431

Development of Ciliary Body 435

Development of Iris 435

Development of Lens 437

Development of Aqueous Chambers 438

Development of Cornea 440

Development of Choroid and Sclera 440

Development of Eyelids 440

Development of Lacrimal Glands 441

Development of Ears 441

Development of Internal Ear 441

Development of Middle Ear 443

Development of External Ear 444

Summary of Development of Eyes 448

Summary of Development of Ears 448

Clinically Oriented Problems 448

19 Integumentary System 451

Development of Skin andAppendages 451

Epidermis 452

Dermis 454

Development of Glands 454

Development of Hairs 459

Development of Nails 460

Development of Teeth 460

Summary of Integumentary System 468

Clinically Oriented Problems 468

20 Human Birth Defects 471

Classification of Birth Defects 471

Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development 472

Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors 472

Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities 473

Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 481

Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes 484

Developmental Signaling Pathways 486

Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors 487

Principles of Teratogenesis 487

Critical Periods of Human Development 487

Human Teratogens 491

Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance 499

Summary of Human Birth Defects 499

Clinically Oriented Problems 500

21 Common Signaling Pathways UsedDuring Development 503

Intercellular Communication 504

Gap Junctions 504

Cell Adhesion Molecules 505

Morphogens 506

Retinoic Acid 506

Transforming Growth Factor β/Bone Morphogenetic Protein 506

Hedgehog 507

Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway 507

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 509

Common Features 509

Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 510

Notch-Delta Pathway 510

Transcription Factors 511

Hox/Homeobox Proteins 511

Pax Genes 511

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors 512

Epigenetics 512

Histone Acetylation 512

DNA Methylation 512

Stem Cells: Differentiation versus Pluripotency 513

Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used Durinq Development 514

Appendix 516

Index 526