OUTER SPACE AND LEGAL LIABILITYPDF电子书下载

Chapter Ⅰ.Introduction 1

The problems and questions limited and formulated 1

The Outer Space Court-Background and Illustrations 4

Illustrations of other bodies and courts 4

The United Nations Charter's provisions examined 5

The adjudicatory provisions 6

Article 2,paragraph 3 6

Article 33 8

The enforcement provisions-Charter Chapter Ⅶ and Article 94 9

The 1972 Liability Treaty-Preliminary Examination 11

Limitation of subject matter jurisdiction 11

Inadequacy of the substantive provisions 11

Inadequacy of the procedural provisions 12

The amending provisions 13

The method of analysis 14

Notes 15

Chapter Ⅱ.The Background of the 1967 Outer Space and 1972 Liability Treaties 27

Non-governmental writings,conferences,and activities 28

United Nations activities 29

Conclusions 30

Notes 33

Chapter Ⅲ.The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and Its Inconclusiveness For Legal Liability 41

Analysis of general Treaty language 43

In Articles Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅸ,and ⅩⅢ 43

In Articles Ⅵ and Ⅷ 45

Article Ⅵ 45

Article Ⅷ 49

Analysis of Article Ⅶ 50

The Article's terms 50

A conceivable interpretation 53

Conclusions 54

In general 54

Declaring or creating law 55

The 1967 Treaty as a stop-gap document 57

Analysis of the 1968 Astronaut Rescue Treaty 58

The 1972 Liability Treaty 60

The 1979 Moon Convention 60

Conclusion 61

Notes 61

Chapter Ⅳ.The Liability Treaty of 1972 and Its Inconclusiveness For Legal Liability 69

Declaring or creating law 70

The Preamble 72

The substantive provisions 75

Principles of legal liability and of exoneration 75

Absolute liability 76

Fault liability 80

Exoneration:gross negligence and intent to cause damage 81

A diagrammatic representation 83

An observation 83

Procedural principles-joint and several liability and apportionment of damages 85

The procedural provisions-claims and the Claims Commission 87

Analysis of provisions 87

Formation of a Claims Commission 93

The Secretary-General's equivocal position 94

Award and compensation 96

A diagrammatic representation 97

Notes 99

Chapter Ⅴ.The International Court for Outer Space 121

Introduction 121

Composition of the Court 124

Finality and enforcement of determination as a necessity 126

Jurisdiction 130

Geographical 130

In general 130

In particular 131

Individuals' complaints 133

The desideratum 133

The compromise 134

Immunity of States 134

The several doctrines 135

Sovereign immunity 135

Restrictive immunity:act-of-state 135

Voluntary withdrawal of immunity 136

Two caveats 136

Conclusions 137

Subject matter jurisdiction and principles of liability 137

Preliminary 138

Outline of four aspects of subject matter jurisdiction 141

Possible allocations of subject matter jurisdiction 142

Solely inner space contract or tort problems 144

Solely outer space contract or tort problems 145

Space problems which are questionably solely,related,or combined outer,inner,or dual 150

Notes 154

Chapter Ⅵ.Conclusions and Amendments 190

Amendments and contract jurisdiction 190

Amendments 190

Contract jurisdiction 193

Finality and enforcement 194

The International Court for Outer Space: A Compromise Suggestion 196

Notes 199

Appendices 203

Outlines of Possible Fact Situations for Claims Purposes 203

Ⅰ.Contracts-Delicts (Torts) (Identical Permutations and Combinations) 203

Ⅱ.Outer Space Per Se-Occupation or Possession of 210

Ⅲ.Outer Space Per Se-Occupation or Contamination by Manmade Junk,Debris,Chemicals,Gases,etc. 213

Ⅳ.Celestial Bodies (Excluding Earth),e.g.,The Moon Treaties and Conventions 218

Ⅴ.1976 Outer Space Treaty 219

Ⅵ.1968 Astronaut Rescue Treaty 227

Ⅶ.1972 Liability Treaty 231

Ⅷ.1974 Registration Treaty 242

Ⅸ.1979 Moon Convention 248

Tables 261

Ⅰ.Selected Acronyms 261

Ⅱ.Table of Cases 263

Ⅲ.Treaties-Liability Treaty 1972 265

-Outer Space Treaty 1967 266

-United Nations Charter 266

Selected Bibliography 267

Index 271