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1-1 Electrical Components and Measuring Instruments 2

Contents 5

1　Components,Quantities,and Units 5

1-2 Electrical and Magnetic Units 6

1-3 Scientific Notation 8

1-4 Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes 12

1-5 Metric Unit Conversions 15

2　Voltage,Current,and Resistance 22

2-1 Atomic Structure 24

2-2 Electrical Charge 27

2-3 Voltage 29

2-4 Current 33

2-5 Resistance 35

2-6 The Electric Circuit 44

2-7 Basic Circuit Measurements 51

2-8 Electrical Safety 59

Technology Theory into Practice 62

3 Ohm's Law 78

3-1 Ohm's Law 80

3-2 Calculating Current 82

3-3 Calculating Voltage 85

3-4 Calculating Resistance 88

3-5 The Relationship of Current,Voltage,and Resistance 89

3-6　Introduction to Troubleshooting 92

Technology Theory into Practice 95

4　Energy and Power 106

4-1 Energy and Power　 108

4-2 Power in an Electric Circuit 110

4-3 Resistor Power Ratings 112

4-4 Energy Conversion and Voltage Drop in Resistance 116

4-5 Power Supplies 117

Technology Theory into Practice 120

5 Series Circuits 128

5-1 Resistors in Series 130

5-2 Current in a Series Circuit 132

5-3 Total Series Resistance 134

5-4 Ohm's Law in Series Circuits 138

5-5 Voltage Sources in Series 142

5-6 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 145

5-7 Voltage Dividers 149

5-8 Power in a Series Circuit 156

5-9 Circuit Ground 158

5-10 Troubleshooting 162

Technology Theory into Practice　 167

6 Parallel Circuits 184

6-1 Resistors in Parallel 186

6-2 Voltage in Parallel Circuits 189

6-3 Kirchhoff's Current Law 191

6-4 Total Parallel Resistance 195

6-5 Ohm's Law in Parallel Circuits 201

6-6 Current Sources in Parallel 205

6-7 Current Dividers 206

6-8 Power in Parallel Circuits 210

6-9 Examples of Parallel Circuit Applications 212

6-10 Troubleshooting 217

Technology Theory into Practice 222

7 Series-Parallel Circuits 238

7-1 Identifying Series-Parallel Relationships 240

7-2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits 246

7-3 Voltage Dividers with Resistive Loads 253

7-4 Loading Effect of a Voltmeter 258

7-5 Ladder Networks 261

7-6 The Wheatstone Bridge 266

7-7 Troubleshooting 271

Technology Theory into Practice 275

8 Circuit Theorems and Conversions 294

8-1 The Voltage Source 296

8-2 The Current Source 298

8-3 Source Conversions 300

8-4 The Superposition Theorem 303

8-5 Thevenin's Theorem 310

8-6 Norton's Theorem 319

8-7 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 323

8-8 Delta-to-Wye(△-to-Y)and Wye-to-Delta(Y-to-△) Conversions 325

Technology Theory into Practice 331

9 Branch,Mesh,and Node Analysis 346

9-1 Branch Current Method 348

9-2 Determinants 351

9-3 Solving Simultaneous Equations Using a Calculator 357

9-4 Mesh Current Method 359

9-5 Node Voltage Method 364

Technology Theory into Practice 367

10 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 378

10-1 The Magnetic Field 380

10-2 Electromagnetism 384

10-3 Electromagnetic Devices 390

10-4 Magnetic Hysteresis 395

10-5 Electromagnetic Induction 397

10-6 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction 401

Technology Theory into Practice 405

11 Introduction to Alternating Current and Voltage 414

11-1 The Sine Wave 416

11-2 Sinusoidal Voltage Sources 421

11-3 Voltage and Current Values of Sine Waves 424

11-4 Angular Measurement of a Sine Wave 428

11-5 The Sine Wave Formula 432

11-6 Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws in AC Circuits 434

11-7 Superimposed DC and AC Voltages 437

11-8 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 439

11-9 The Oscilloscope 446

Technology Theory into Practice 453

12 Phasors and Complex Numbers 468

12-1 Introduction to Phasors 470

17-2 The Complex Number System 475

12-3 Rectangular and Polar Forms 479

12-4 Mathematical Operations 486

Technology Theory into Practice 491

13 Capacitors 498

13-1　The Basic Capacitor 500

13-2 Types of Capacitors 507

13-3 Series Capacitors 513

13-4 Parallel Capacitors 518

13-5 Capacitors in DC Circuits 520

13-6 Capacitors in AC Circuits 529

13-7 Capacitor Applications 535

13-8 Testing Capacitors 540

Technology Theory into Practice 542

14 Inductors 556

14-1 The Basic Inductor 558

14-2 Types of Inductors 564

14-3 Series Inductors 565

14-4 Parallel Inductors 566

14-5 Inductors in DC Circuits 568

14-6 Inductors in AC Circuits 577

14-7 Inductor Applications 583

14-8 Testing Inductors 584

Technology Theory into Practice 585

15 Transformers 598

15-1 Mutual Inductance 600

15-2 The Basic Transformer 601

15-3 Step-Up Transformers 605

15-4 Step-Down Transformers 606

15-5 Loading the Secondary Winding 607

15-6 Reflected Load 609

15-7 Matching the Load and Source Resistances 611

15-8 The Transformer as an Isolation Device 614

15-9 Practical Transformers 616

15-10 Other Types of Transformers 619

15-11 Troubleshooting 624

Technology Theory into Practice 626

16 RC Circuits 638

Part 1:Series Reactive Circuits 640

16-1 Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuits 640

16-2 Impedance and Phase Angle of Series RC Circuits 641

16-3 Analysis of Series RC Circuits 644

Part 2:Parallel Reactive Circuits 651

16-4 Impedance and Phase Angle of Parallel RC Circuits 651

16-5 Analysis of Parallel RC Circuits 654

Part 3:Series-Parallel Reactive Circuits 660

16-6 Analysis of Series-Parallel RC Circuits 660

16-7 Power in RC Circuits 666

Part 4:Special Topics 666

16-8 Basic Applications 670

16-9 Troubleshooting 681

Technology Theory into Practice 687

17 RL Circuits 706

Part 1:Series Reactive Circuits 708

17-1 Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuits 708

17-2 Inpedance and Phase Angle of Series RL Circuits 709

17-3 Analysis of Series RL Circuits 711

Part 2:Parallel Reactive Circuits 716

17-4 Impedance and Phase Angle of Parallel RL Circuits 716

17-5 Analysis of Parallel RL Circuits 719

Part 3:Series-Parallel Reactive Circuits 723

17-6 Analysis of Series-Parallel RL Circuits 723

17-7 Power in RL Circuits 727

Part 4:Special Topics 727

17-8 Basic Applications 730

17-9 Troubleshooting 738

Technology Theory into Practice 743

18　RLC Circuits and Resonance 758

Part 1:Series Reactive Circuits 760

18-1 Impedance of Series RLC Circuits 760

18-2 Analysis of Series RLC Circuits 762

18-3 Series Resonance 766

Part 2:Parallel Reactive Circuits 773

18-4 Impedance of Parallel RLC Circuits 773

18-5 Analysis of Parallel RLC Circuits 775

18-6 Parallel Resonance 778

18-7 Analysis of Series-Parallel RLC Circuits 782

Part 3:Series-Parallel Reactive Circuits 782

Part 4:Special Topics 790

18-8 Bandwidth of Resonant Circuits 790

18-9 Applications 794

Technology Theory into Practice 798

19 Basic Filters 812

19-1 Low-Pass Filters 814

19-2 High-Pass Filters 821

19-3 Band-Pass Filters 826

19-4 Band-Stop Filters 830

Technology Theory into Practice 834

20 Circuit Theorems in AC Analysis 846

20-1 The Superposition Theorem 848

20-2 Thevenin's Theorem 853

20-3 Norton's Theorem 863

20-4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 867

Technology Theory into Practice 871

21 Pulse Response of Reactive Circuits 882

21-1 The RC Integrator 884

21-2 Single-Pulse Response of RC Integrators 885

21-3 Repetitive-Pulse Response of RC Integrators 890

21-4 Single-Pulse Response of RC Differentiators 895

21-5 Repetitive-Pulse Response of RC Differentiators 900

21-6 Pulse Response of RL Integrators 903

21-7 Pulse Response of RL Differentiators 908

21-8 Relationship of Time(Pulse)Response to Frequency Response 911

21-9 Troubleshooting 914

Technology Theory into Practice 917

22 Polyphase Systems in Power Applications 928

22-1 Basic Polyphase Machines 930

22-2 Polyphase Generators in Power Applications 932

22-3 Three-Phase Generators 938

22-4 Three-Phase Source/Load Analysis 943

22-5 Three-Phase Power 950

APPENDICES 959

A Table of Standard Resistor Values 959

B Batteries 960

C Derivations 963

D Capacitor Color Coding 966

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 970

Glossary 982

Index 989