异常与临床心理学PDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ Background and methods 1

1 Introduction 3

Modern concepts of abnormality 3

Historical overview 5

Somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives 7

Care in the community 8

Issues of diagnosis 9

The medical model 9

Alternatives to the medical model 15

The aetiology of mental health problems 17

Genetic models 18

Biological models 21

Psychological models 21

Socio-cultural models 24

Systemic models 25

Biopsychosocial models 26

Diathesis-stress model 27

Chapter summary 27

For discussion 28

Further reading 29

2 The psychological perspective 30

The psychoanalytic approach 30

Freud 30

Freud's contemporaries and descendants 35

The practice of psychoanalysis 36

Behavioural approaches 38

Classical conditioning 38

Operant conditioning 39

Combining classical and operant conditioning 40

Behaviour therapy 40

Cognitive approaches 44

Alternative models of the emotions 46

Cognitive behavioural therapy 47

Humanistic approaches 52

Models of the individual and neurosis 53

Humanistic therapy 55

How effective are the therapies? 58

Meta-analyses 58

Therapist-client relationship 59

Chapter summary 59

For discussion 60

Further reading 60

3 Biological explanations and treatments 61

The behavioural anatomy of the brain 61

Hindbrain,midbrain and forebrain 61

Cerebrum 62

The synapse 65

The neurotransmitters 66

The autonomic nervous system 67

Drug therapies 69

Treating depression 69

Treating anxiety 72

Treating schizophrenia 73

Adherence to drug treatments 75

Electroconvulsive therapy 76

Use of ECT 77

The ECT controversy 77

Psychosurgery 79

Availability of psychosurgery 80

Post-operative effects 80

Chapter summary 82

For discussion 83

Further reading 83

4 Moving beyond the individual 84

Family models of mental health disorders 84

Systemic therapy 85

Structural family therapy 86

Strategic family therapy 88

How effective is systemic therapy? 90

Psychosocial explanations of mental health problems 92

Socio-economic status 92

Gender differences 94

Minority status 96

Preventing mental health problems 98

Health promotion 98

Therapeutic interventions 99

Using the media 100

Public education 100

Organizational interventions 101

Chapter summary 102

For discussion 103

Further reading 103

5 The process of therapy 104

Assessment issues 105

Standardized interview schedules 106

Symptom-specific measures 107

General measure 107

Other measures 107

Working through the problem 108

Ending therapy 110

Who benefits most from therapy? 111

Client characteristics 111

Client responses 113

What makes a good therapist? 113

Therapist experience 114

Therapist training 115

Gender and ethnicity 115

Within-therapy factors 116

Treatment acceptability 116

Therapist competence 116

The therapeutic alliance 117

Self-disclosure 118

Specific techniques 118

Factors beyond the therapy situation 119

Chapter summary 120

For discussion 121

Further reading 121

PartⅡ Specific issues 123

6 Schizophrenia 125

The nature of schizophrenia 126

Personal experiences 126

DSM diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia 128

Alternative view of the symptoms 128

Deconstructing schizophrenia 129

Aetiology of schizophrenia 130

Genetic factors 130

Biological mechanisms 133

Substance abuse 136

Psychosocial factors 136

A psychobiological model 138

Psychological models 139

Treatment of schizophrenia 142

Antipsychotic medication 142

ECT 144

Psychological approaches 144

Chapter summary 147

For discussion 148

Further reading 149

7 Anxiety disorders 150

Generalized anxiety disorder 150

Aetiology of generalized anxiety disorder 151

Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder 155

Panic disorder 158

Aetiology of panic disorder 158

Treatment of panic disorder 163

Obsessive-compulsive disorder 165

Obsessions 165

Compulsions 166

Aetiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder 167

Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder 170

Chapter summary 173

For discussion 175

Further reading 175

8 Mood disorders 176

Major depression 176

Aetiology of major depression 177

Treatment of major depression 183

Suicide 186

Aetiology of suicide 187

Treatment of attempted suicide 189

Seasonal affective disorder 190

Aetiology of seasonal affective disorder 191

Treatment of seasonal affective disorder 193

Bipolar disorder 193

Aetiology of bipolar disorder 194

Treatment of bipolar disorder 197

Chapter summary 198

For discussion 199

Further reading 200

9 Trauma-related conditions 201

Post-traumatic stress disorder 201

Aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorder 204

Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder 207

Recovered memory 210

Explanations of recovered memory 211

Evidence of recovered memory 212

Dissociative identity disorder 216

Aetiology of dissociative identity disorder 217

Treatment of dissociative identity disorder 223

Chapter summary 225

For discussion 226

Further reading 226

10 Sexual disorders 228

Sexual dysfunctions 228

Erectile dysfunction 229

Aetiology of erectile dysfunction 229

Treatment of erectile dysfunction 230

Vaginismus 232

Aetiology of vaginismus 232

Treatment of vaginismus 233

The paraphilias 233

Paedophilia 234

Aetiology of paedophilia 235

Treatment of paedophilia 237

Transvestic fetishism 242

Aetiology of transvestic fetishism 244

Treatment of transvestic fetishism 245

Gender identity disorder 246

Aetiology of gender identity disorder 247

Treatment of gender identity disorder 248

Chapter summary 252

For discussion 253

Further reading 253

11 Personality disorders 255

Personality disorders 255

A dimensional view challenging DSM 257

A cognitive model 258

Borderline personality disorder 260

Aetiology of borderline personality disorder 261

Treatment of borderline personality disorder 262

Antisocial personality and psychopathy 269

Aetiology of antisocial personality and psychopathy 270

Treatment of antisocial personality 274

Treatment of psychopathy 275

Chapter summary 279

For discussion 280

Further reading 280

12 Eating disorders 281

Anorexia nervosa 281

Bulimia nervosa 283

Aetiology of anorexia and bulimia 284

Interventions in anorexia 292

Interventions in bulimia 298

Chapter summary 300

For discussion 301

Further reading 302

13 Developmental disorders 303

Learning difficulties 303

Aetiology of learning difficulties 305

Social interventions in learning difficulties 307

Psychological interventions in learning difficulties 310

Autism 312

Core limitations of autism 313

Aetiology of autism 315

Treatment of autism 318

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 321

Diagnostic versus categorical understandings of ADHD 322

Aetiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 323

Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 325

Working with adults who have ADHD 328

Chapter summary 329

For discussion 331

Further reading 331

14 Neurological disorders 332

Alzheimer's disease 332

Aetiology of Alzheimer's disease 334

Treatment of Alzheimer's disease 337

Head injury 341

Cognitive rehabilitation following head injury 343

Multiple sclerosis 345

Aetiology of multiple sclerosis 348

Psychological sequelae of multiple sclerosis 349

Treatment of multiple sclerosis 351

Chapter summary 353

For discussion 353

Further reading 354

15 Addictions 355

Drugs and drug dependence 355

Excess alcohol consumption 357

Aetiology of excess alcohol consumption 359

Interventions in excess alcohol consumption 362

Heroin use 366

Aetiology of heroin use 367

Treatment of heroin use 370

Pathological gambling 374

Aetiology of pathological gambling 375

Treatment of pathological gambling 378

Chapter summary 379

For discussion 381

Further reading 381

Glossary 382

References 386

Index 425