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1 Introduction 1

1.1 Foundations:Their Importance and Purpose 1

1.2　Foundation Engineering 1

1.3 Foundation:Classifications and Select Definitions 3

1.4 Foundation:General Requirements 5

1.5 Foundation:Additional Considerations 7

1.6 Foundations:Selection of Type 8

1.7 The International System of Units(SI)and the Foot-Pound-Second(Fps) System 9

1.8 Computational Accuracy Versus Design Precision 12

1.9 Computer Programs in Foundation Analysis and Design 12

2 Bearing Capacity of Foundations 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Bearing Capacity for Footings on Layered Soils 16

2.3 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes 25

2.4 Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests 31

2.5 Safety Factors in Foundation Design 35

2.6 Bearing Capacity of Rock 37

Problems 40

3 Improving Site Soils for Foundation Use 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Lightweight and Structural Fills 45

3.3 Compaction 46

3.4 Soil-Cement,Lime,and Fly Ash 50

3.5 Precompression to Improve Site Soils 51

3.6 Drainage Using Sand Blankets and Drains 52

3.7 Sand Columns to Increase Soil Stiffness 55

3.8 Stone Columns 57

3.9 Soil-Cement Piles/Columns 61

3.10 Jet Grouting 63

3.11 Foundation Grouting and Chemical Stabilization 64

3.12 Vibratory Methods to Increase Soil Density 65

3.13 Use of Geotextiles to Improve Soil 67

3.14 Altering Groundwater Conditions 68

Problems 69

4 Factors to Consider in Foundation Design 70

4.1 Footing Depth and Spacing 70

4.2 Displaced Soil Effects 73

4.3 Net Versus Gross Soil Pressure:Design Soil Pressures 74

4.4 Erosion Problems for Structures Adjacent to Flowing Water 75

4.5 Corrosion Protection 76

4.6 Water Table Fluctuation 76

4.7 Foundations in Sand and Silt Deposits 77

4.8 Foundations on Loess and Other Collapsible Soils 78

4.9 Foundations on Unsaturated Soils Subject to Volume Change with Change in Water Content 80

4.10 Foundations on Clays and Clayey Silts 95

4.11 Foundations on Residual Soils 97

4.12 Foundations on Sanitary Landfill Sites 97

4.13 Frost Depth and Foundations on Permafrost 99

4.14 Environmental Considerations 100

Problems 101

5 Spread Footing Design 103

5.1 Footings:Classification and Purpose 103

5.2 Allowable Soil Pressures in Spread Footing Design 105

5.3 Assumptions Used in Footing Design 105

5.4 Rectangular Footings 106

5.5 Eccentrically Loaded Spread Footings 110

5.6 Unsymmetrical Footings 128

5.7 Wall Footings and Footings for Residential Construction 128

Problems 132

6 Special Footings and Beams on Elastic Foundations 133

6.1 Introduction 133

6.2 Rectangular Combined Footings 133

6.3 Design of Trapezoid-Shaped Footings 142

6.4 Design of Strap(or Cantilever)Footings 147

6.5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 150

6.6 Classical Solution of Beam on Elastic Foundation 157

Problems 160

7 Mat Foundations 163

7.1 Introduction 163

7.2 Types of Mat Foundations 164

7.3 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations 165

7.4 Mat Settlements 169

7.5 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction ks for Mats and Plates 173

7.6 Design of Mat Foundations 177

Problems 180

8 Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Concrete Retaining Walls 182

8.1 Introduction 182

8.2 Mechanically Reinforced Earth Walls 183

8.3 Design of Reinforced Earth Walls 190

8.4 Concrete Retaining Walls 205

8.5 Cantilever Retaining Walls 207

8.6 Wall Stability 209

8.7 Wall Joints 217

8.8 Wall Drainage 217

8.9 Soil Properties for Retaining Walls 219

8.10 General Considerations in Concrete Retaining Wall Design 220

8.11 Allowable Bearing Capacity 221

8.12 Wall Settlements 222

8.13 Cantilever Retaining Wall Examples 222

Problems 239

9 Sheet-Pile Walls:Cantilevered and Anchored 242

9.1 Introduction 242

9.2 Types and Materials Used for Sheetpiling 245

9.3 Soil Properties for Sheet-Pile Walls 250

9.4 Stability Numbers for Sheet-Pile Walls 255

9.5 Anchor Rods,Wales,and Anchorages for Sheetpiling 256

9.6 Overall Wall Stability and Safety Factors 266

Problems 268

10 Single Piles—Static Capacity and Lateral Loads;Pile/Pole Buckling 269

10.1 Introduction 269

10.2 Concrete Piles 275

10.3 Steel Piles 280

10.4 Corrosion of Steel Piles 283

10.5 Soil Properties for Static Pile Capacity 284

10.6 Static Pile Capacity 286

10.7 Pile Settlements 292

10.8 Static Pile Capacity:Examples 294

10.9 Static Pile Capacity Using Load-Transfer Load-Test Data 305

10.10 Tension Piles—Piles for Resisting Uplift 307

10.11 Laterally Loaded Piles 309

10.12 Laterally Loaded Pile Examples 327

Problems 336

11 Pile Foundations:Groups 338

11.1 Single Piles Versus Pile Groups 338

11.2 Vertically Loaded Pile Groups 338

11.3 Efficiency of Pile Groups 340

11.4 Stresses on Underlying Strata from Piles 343

11.5 Settlements of Pile Groups 351

11.6 Pile Caps 359

11.7 Batter Piles 361

11.8 Negative Skin Friction 361

11.9 Laterally Loaded Pile Groups 367

11.10 Pile Cap Design by Computer 371

Problems 372

Appendix A 376

GENERAL PILE-DATA AND PILE HAMMER TABLES 376

References 385