材料手册 5 陶瓷、耐火材料、玻璃、聚合物、弹性体 英文版PDF电子书下载

Introduction 15

10 Ceramics,Refractories,and Glasses 593

10.1 Introduction and Definitions 593

10.2 Raw Materials for Ceramics,Refractories and Glasses 594

10.2.1 Silica 594

10.2.1.1 Quartz,Quartzite,and Silica Sand 595

10.2.1.2 Diatomite 595

10.2.1.3 Fumed Silica 595

10.2.1.4 Silica Gels and Sol-Gel Silica 595

10.2.1.5 Precipitated Silica 595

10.2.1.6 Microsilica 596

10.2.1.7 Vitreous or Amorphous Silica 596

10.2.2 Aluminosilicates 596

10.2.2.1 Fireclay 597

10.2.2.2 China Clay 598

10.2.2.3 Ball Clay 598

10.2.2.4 Other Refractory Clays 599

10.2.2.5 Andalusite,Kyanite,and Sillimanite 599

10.2.2.6 Mullite 600

10.2.3 Bauxite and Aluminas 600

10.2.3.1 Bauxite 600

10.2.3.2 Alumina Hydrates 603

10.2.3.3 Transition Aluminas(TrA) 606

10.2.3.4 Calcined Alumina 606

10.2.3.5 Tabular Alumina 607

10.2.3.6 White Fused Alumina 608

10.2.3.7 Brown Fused Alumina 608

10.2.3.8 Electrofused Alumina-Zirconia 609

10.2.3.9 High-Purity Alumina 609

10.2.4 Limestone and Lime 610

10.2.5 Dolomite and Doloma 610

10.2.5.1 Dolomite 610

10.2.5.2 Calcined and Dead Burned Dolomite(Doloma) 611

10.2.6 Magnesite and Magnesia 612

10.2.6.1 Magnesite 612

10.2.6.2 Caustic Seawater and Calcined Magnesia 612

10.2.6.3 Dead Burned Magnesia 613

10.2.6.4 Electrofused Magnesia 614

10.2.6.5 Seawater Magnesia Clinker 614

10.2.7 Titania 614

10.2.7.1 Rutile 614

10.2.7.2 Anatase 616

10.2.7.3 Brookite 616

10.2.7.4 Anosovite 616

10.2.7.5 Titanium Sesquioxide 617

10.2.7.6 Titanium Monoxide or Hongquiite 617

10.2.7.7 Titanium Hemioxide 618

10.2.7.8 Andersson-Magnéli Phases 618

10.2.8 Zircon and Zirconia 618

10.2.8.1 Zircon 618

10.2.8.2 Zirconia 618

10.2.9 Carbon and Graphite 623

10.2.9.1 Description and General Properties 623

10.2.9.2 Natural Occurrence and Mining 623

10.2.9.3 Industrial Preparation and Processing 625

10.2.9.4 Industrial Applications and Uses 625

10.2.10 Silicon Carbide 625

10.2.10.1 Description and General Properties 625

10.2.10.2 Industrial Preparation 626

10.2.10.3 Grades of Silicon Carbide 628

10.2.11 Properties of Raw Materials Used in Ceramics,Refractories,and Glasses 628

10.3 Traditional Ceramics 629

10.4 Refractories 630

10.4.1 Classification of Refractories 630

10.4.2 Properties of Refractories 631

10.4.3 Major Refractory Manufacturers 634

10.5 Advanced Ceramics 635

10.5.1 Silicon Nitride 635

10.5.1.1 Description and General Properties 635

10.5.1.2 Industrial Preparation and Grades 635

10.5.2 Silicon Aluminum Oxynitride(SiAlON) 636

10.5.3 Boron Carbide 637

10.5.3.1 Description and General Properties 637

10.5.3.2 Industrial Preparation 637

10.5.3.3 Industrial Applications and Uses 637

10.5.4 Boron Nitride 637

10.5.4.1 Description and General Properties 637

10.5.4.2 Industrial Preparation 638

10.5.4.3 Industrial Applications and Uses 638

10.5.5 Titanium Diboride 638

10.5.5.1 Description and General Properties 638

10.5.5.2 Industrial Preparation and Processing 639

10.5.5.3 Industrial Applications and Uses 639

10.5.6 Tungsten Carbides and Hardmetal 639

10.5.6.1 Description and General Properties 639

10.5.6.2 Industrial Preparation 640

10.5.6.3 Industrial Applications and Uses 640

10.5.7 Practical Data for Ceramists and Refractory Engineers 641

10.5.7.1 Temperature of Color 641

10.5.7.2 Pyrometric Cone Equivalents 641

10.6 Standards for Testing Refractories 643

10.7 Properties of Pure Ceramics(Borides,Carbides,Nitrides,Silicides,and Oxides) 647

10.8 Further Reading 670

10.8.1 Traditional and Advanced Ceramics 670

10.8.2 Refractories 670

10.9 Glasses 671

10.9.1 Definitions 671

10.9.2 Physical Properties of Glasses 671

10.9.3 Glassmaking Processes 671

10.9.4 Further Reading 676

10.10 Proppants 677

10.10.1 Fracturing Techniques in Oil-Well Production 677

10.10.1.1 Hydraulic Fracturing 677

10.10.1.2 Pressure Acidizing 678

10.10.2 Proppant and Frac Fluid Selection Criteria 678

10.10.2.1 Proppant Materials 678

10.10.2.2 Frac Fluids 679

10.10.2.3 Properties and Characterization of Proppants 679

10.10.2.4 Classification of Proppant Materials 679

10.10.2.5 Production of Synthetic Proppants 682

10.10.2.6 Properties of Commercial Proppants 683

10.10.2.7 Proppant Market 687

10.10.2.8 Proppant Producers 687

10.10.3 Further Reading 689

11 Polymers and Elastomers 691

11.1 Fundamentals and Definitions 691

11.1.1 Definitions 691

11.1.2 Additives and Fillers 692

11.1.3 Polymerization and Polycondensation 693

11.2 Properties and Characteristics of Polymers 694

11.2.1 Molar Mass and Relative Molar Mass 694

11.2.2 Average Degree of Polymerization 695

11.2.3 Number-,Mass-and Z-Average Molar Masses 695

11.2.4 Glass Transition Temperature 697

11.2.5 Structure of Polymers 697

11.3 Classification of Plastics and Elastomers 697

11.4 Thermoplastics 697

11.4.1 Naturally Occurring Resins 697

11.4.1.1 Rosin 697

11.4.1.2 Shellac 699

11.4.2 Cellulosics 699

11.4.2.1 Cellulose Nitrate 699

11.4.2.2 Cellulose Acetate(CA) 700

11.4.2.3 Cellulose Propionate(CP) 700

11.4.2.4 Cellulose Xanthate 700

11.4.2.5 Alkylcelluloses 701

11.4.3 Casein Plastics 701

11.4.4 Coumarone-Indene Plastics 702

11.4.5 Polyolefins or Ethenic Polymers 702

11.4.5.1 Polyethylene(PE) 702

11.4.5.2 Polypropylene(PP) 703

11.4.5.3 Polybutylene(PB) 704

11.4.6 Polymethylpentene(PMP) 704

11.4.7 Polyvinyl Plastics 704

11.4.7.1 Polyvinyl Chlorides(PVCs) 704

11.4.7.2 Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride(CPVC) 705

11.4.7.3 Polyvinyl Fluoride(PVF) 705

11.4.7.4 Polyvinyl Acetate(PVA) 705

11.4.8 Polyvinylidene Plastics 705

11.4.8.1 Polyvinylidene Chloride(PVDC) 705

11.4.8.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride(PVDF) 706

11.4.9 Styrenics 706

11.4.9.1 Polystyrene(PS) 706

11.4.9.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS) 706

11.4.10 Fluorinated Polyolefins(Fluorocarbons) 707

11.4.10.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) 707

11.4.10.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene(FEP) 708

11.4.10.3 Perfluorinated Alkoxy(PFA) 708

11.4.10.4 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene(PCTFE) 708

11.4.10.5 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer(ECTFE) 709

11.4.10.6 Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer(ETFE) 709

11.4.11 Acrylics and Polymethyl Methacrylate(PMMA) 709

11.4.12 Polyamides(PA) 710

11.4.13 Polyaramides(PAR) 710

11.4.14 Polyimides(PI) 710

11.4.15 Polyacetals(PAc) 711

11.4.16 Polycarbonates(PC) 711

11.4.17 Polysulfone(PSU) 711

11.4.18 Polyphenylene Oxide(PPO) 712

11.4.19 Polyphenylene Sulfide(PPS) 712

11.4.20 Polybutylene Terephthalate(PBT) 712

11.4.21 PolyethyleneTerephthalate(PET) 712

11.4.22 Polydiallyl Phthalate(PDP) 713

11.5 Thermosets 713

11.5.1 Aminoplastics 713

11.5.2 Phenolics 714

11.5.3 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(ABS) 714

11.5.4 Polyurethanes(PUR) 715

11.5.5 Furan Plastics 715

11.5.6 Epoxy Resins(EP) 715

11.6 Rubbers and Elastomers 715

11.6.1 Natural Rubber(NR) 716

11.6.2 Trans-Polyisoprene Rubber(PIR) 716

11.6.3 Polybutadiene Rubber(BR) 716

11.6.4 Styrene Butadiene Rubber(SBR) 717

11.6.5 Nitrile Rubber(NR) 717

11.6.6 Butyl Rubber(IIR) 717

11.6.7 Chloroprene Rubber(CPR) 717

11.6.8 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene(CSM) 718

11.6.9 Polysulfide Rubber(PSR) 718

11.6.10 Ethylene Propylene Rubbers 718

11.6.11 Silicone Rubber 719

11.6.12 Fluoroelastomers 719

11.7 Physical Properties of Polymers 720

11.8 Gas Permeability of Polymers 734

11.9 ChemicalResistance of Polymers 734

11.10 IUPAC Acronyms of Polymers and Elastomers 745

11.11 Economic Data on Polymers and Related Chemical Intermediates 746

11.11.1 Average Prices of Polymers 746

11.11.2 Production Capacities,Prices and Major Producers of Polymers and Chemical Intermediates 747

11.12 Further Reading 750